316 
kinds of resinous matter. Oil of turpentine, common and Burgundy pitch, 
are obtained from Pinus sylvestris ; Hungarian balsam from Pinus Pumilio ; 
Bourdeaux turpentine from P. Pinaster ; Carpathian balsam from P. Pinea ; 
Strasburg turpentine from Abies pectinata (P. Picea jL,), our Silver Fir ; Ca- 
nadian balsam from Abies balsamea, or the Balm of Gilead Fir. The common 
Larch yields Venetian turpentine. Liquid storax is thought to be yielded by 
the Dammar Pine ; and a substance called in India Dammar, or country resin, 
is procured from the same plant, or from a tree which Dr. Buchanan calls 
Chloroxylon Dupada. Ainslie, 1. 337. Sandarach, a whitish yellow, brittle, 
inflammable, resinous substance, with an acrid aromatic taste, is said by Thom- 
son to exude from Juniperus communis ; but upon the authority of Brong- 
niart and Schousboe, it is the tears of Thuja articulata {or quadrivalvis) . Ihid. 
1. 399. I have seen a plank two feet wide of the tree that produces Sandarach, 
and which is called the Avar Tree in Barbary ; hence it is probably the Thuja, 
for the Juniper never reaches these dimensions. The wood of the Sandarach 
tree is considered by the Turks indestructible, and they use it for the ceilings and 
floors of their mosques. The substance from which spruce beer is made is an 
extract of the branches of the Abies canadensis, or Hemlock Spruce, and of 
Abies nigra. Great tanning powers exist in the bark of the Larch ; as great, 
it is said, as in the Oak. Ed. P. J. 1. 319. ITie stimulating diuretic powers 
of the Savin, Juniperus Sabina, are well known, and are partaken of in 
some degree by the common Juniper, the berries of which are an ingre- 
dient in flavouring gin. The large seeds of many are eatable. Those of 
the Stone Pine of Europe, the Pinus Cembra, the Pinus Lambertiana and 
Gerardiana, and the Araucaria Dombeyi, are all eatable when fresh. 
GENERA. 
§ 1. Abietin^, Rich. 
Pinus, L. 
Abies, DC. 
Larix, DC. 
Cunninghamia, Rich. 
Belis, Salisb. 
Dammara, Mirb. 
Agathis, Salisb. 
Araucaria, Juss. 
Dombeya, Lamb. 
Entassa, Salisb. 
Colymbea, Salisb, 
§ 2. CUPRESSIN^, 
Rich. 
Thuja, L. 
Callitris, Vent. 
Frenela, Mirb. 
Cupressus, L. 
Taxodium, Rich. 
Schubertia, Mirb. 
Juniperus, L. 
Order CCXXXI. TAXACE^E. 
Taxing, Ric/i. Conif. 124. (1826); Bartl. Or d. Nat. 95. (1830); Martins Conspectus, No. 
58. (1835). 
Essential Character. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary, and surrounded by 
imbricated bracts, or in spikes surrounded by bracts, or naked. — Males. Cal. 0. Stamens 
several ; filaments usually monadelphous ; anthers combined or distinct. — Females. Flowers 
solitary, naked. Ovules naked, the foramen at their apex, their outer skin becoming finally 
hard ; nucleus erect. Seed hard, either altogether naked, or surrounded by a succulent 
imperfect cup-shaped pericarp. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight, dicotyledonous. — Trees 
or shrubs with continuous, unarticulated branches. Wood having the ligneous tissue marked 
with circular disks. Leaves usually narrow, rigid, entire and veinless, evergreen, alternate 
or distichous ; sometimes dilated and lobed, and in those cases having forked veins of equal 
thickness. 
Affinities. Separated from Coniferse by their fruits not being collected 
in cones, but each ovule growing singly, unprotected by hardened scales ; 
so that this is a degree of organization yet lower than that of Conif erie them- 
selves. It is also to be observed, that in this order the leaves do not always 
