r 
429 
Properties. Lichens have been remarked by De Candolle to possess 
two distinct classes of characters, the one rendering them fit for being em- 
ployed as dyes after maceration in urine, the other making them nutritive and 
medicinally useful to man. Braconnot has ascertained that oxalate of lime, 
or oxalic acid, exists in great abundance in Lichens, particularly in those which 
are granular and crustaceous. The common Variolaria, which is found upon 
almost every old beech-tree, contains rather more than 29 per cent. Ed. P. J. 13. 
194. Lichens that grow on the summit of fir-trees have been found by John, 
of Berlin, to contain an uncommon proportion of oxide of iron, which may be 
viewed as illustrative of the formation of iron by the vegetable process. Ibid. 
2. 394. Of those used in dyeing, the principal crustaceous kinds are, Leca- 
nora perella, the Orseille de terre, or Perelle d’ Auvergne of the French, Leca- 
nora tartarea, or Cudbear, haematomma and atra, Variolaria lactea, Urceolaria 
scruposa and cinerea, Isidium Westringii, Lepraria chlorina ; of the foliaceous 
species, Parmelia saxatilis, omphalodes, encausta, conspersa, and parietina, 
Sticta pulmonacea, Solorina crocea, and Gyrophora deusta and pustulata ; but 
the most important are Roccella tinctoria and fusiformis, the dye of which is 
so largely used by manufacturers under the name of Orchall, or Archill, or 
Orseille des Canaries ; there are other species capable of being employed in a 
similar manner, as Usnea plicata, Evernia prunastri, Alectoria jubata, Rama- 
lina scopulorum, and several Cenomyces. The nutritive properties of Lichens 
probably depend upon the presence of an amylaceous substance analogous to 
gelatine, which, according to Berzelius, exists in the form of pure starch or 
amylaceous fibre, to the amount of 80.8 per cent, in Cetraria islandica. This 
plant, which is the Iceland Moss of the shops, is slightly bitter as well as mu- 
cilaginous, and is frequently used as tonic, demulcent, and nutrient ; Cetraria 
niv^is, Sticta pulmonacea, and Alectoria usneoides, will all answer the same 
purpose. Tripe de Roche, on which the Canadian hunters are often forced to 
subsist is the name of various species of Gyrophora ; the Rein Deer Moss, 
which forms the winter food of that animal, is Cenomyce rangiferina. Par- 
melia parietina, Borrera furfuracea, Evernia prunastri, Cenomyce pyxidata and 
coccifera, are reputed astringents and febrifuges, and Peltidea aphthosa an an- 
thelmintic ; Sticta pulmonacea is used in Siberia for giving a bitter to beer ; 
Evernia vulpina, called Ulfmossa by the Swedes, is believed by that people to 
be poisonous to wolves ; but this requires confirmation. See De Cand. Essai 
Med. 318, and Agardh Aph. 94. 
Ord. 1. Hymenotha- 
LAMI, Fr. 
Trib. 1. UsNEACE^, Fr. 
Usnea, Dill. 
Alectoria, Ach. 
Evernia, Ach. 
Neuropogon, Nees. 
Bryopogon, Nees. 
Cornicularia, Ach. 
Ramalina, Ach. 
Roccella, DC. 
Siphula, Fr. 
Dufourea, Ach. 
Cetraria, Ach. 
Trib. 2. Parmeliace^e, 
Fr. 
Solorina, Ach. 
Peltigera, HofFm. 
^Nephroma, Ach. 
*Peltidea, Ach. 
Sticta, Schreb. 
GENERA. 
Borrera, Ach. 
Parmelia, Ach. 
Lecanora, Ach. 
Lobaria, HofFm. 
Imbricaria, HofFm. 
Physcia, Ach. 
Xantheria, 
Amphiloma, 
Placodium, Ach. 
Psoroma, Ach. 
Rinodina, Ach. 
Patellaria, DC. 
Squamaria, DC. 
Plcetocarpon, Fee. 
Delisea, Fee. 
Dirina, Fr. 
Zeora, Fr. 
Gyalecta, Ach. 
Trib. 3. Lecidin^, Fr, 
Stereocaulon, Schreb. 
Cladonia, HofFm. 
Pyxidium, Hill. 
Pyxidaria, Mich. 
Scyphophorus, Vent 
Helopodium, DC. 
Pycnothelia, Desf. 
Cenomyce, Ach. 
Beeomyces, Pers. 
Biatora, Fr. 
Lecidea, Ach. 
Rhizocarpon, DC. 
Circinaria, Fee. 
Trib. 4. Collemace^ 
Fr. 
Leptogium, Fr. 
Collema, HofFm. 
Lemniscium, Wallr. 
Geissodia, Vent. 
Ephebe, Fr. 
Micaraea, Fr. 
Oi’d. 2. Gasterotha- 
LAMI, Fr. 
Trib. 1. Sph^ropho- 
RE^, Fr. 
Sphaerophoron, Pers. 
Plocaria, Eschw. 
Isidium, Ach. 
Trib. 2. ENDOCARPEi®, 
Fr. 
Endocarpon, Hedv. 
Dermatocarpon, Esch. 
Sagedia, Ach. 
Ascidium, F^e. 
, Porina, Ach. 
Pertusaria, Lam. 
Porophora, Meyer. 
Trib. 3. Trypethelia- 
CE^, Fr. 
Porothelium, Eschw. 
Mycoporon, Meyer, 
Porodothion, Fr. 
Segestria, Fr, 
