88 
Recent Literature. 
regularly convex ; the eyelids are vermilion red, and furnished with two 
horny plates, and there is a large yellow rosette at the angle of the mouth. 
The young are reared by the middle of July, and by the end of this 
month, or early in August, the birds go to sea ; after which not one is to 
be seen on the rocks so lately full of life. Autumn advances ; the Puf- 
fins are scattered over the waters, and a blank in their history ensues. 
But soon the wintry winds grow violent, and after some storm, hundreds 
of Puffins are washed ashore, dead or dying of inanition. These victims 
are mainly young birds ; but adults share the same fate if the storm 
occurs during the 'moult, when the loss of the quills reduces the wings to 
mere stumps. Three times in the winter of 1873, after storms, M. Mar- 
mottan found thousands of dead Puffins rolling in the sand. Willughby 
and Baillou have recorded similar observations. The Puffins which are 
thus washed on the French coast in winter are emaciated to the last 
degree, and are different in plumage from those we kill in the breeding 
season. The orbital region is more or less blackish ; there is no red ring 
round the eyes, nor horny plates on the lids, nor rosette at the angle of 
the mouth. Still more curiously the bill itself is differently formed ; it has 
neither the same size nor shape nor color ; the horny covering even is 
not the same. The bill is small, without any boss at the base, and fur- 
nished opposite the nostrils with a soft grayish skin instead of a solid and 
bluish horny plate. Authors considered such Puffins as the young, until 
M. Vian, recognizing adults among them, described them as a new spe- 
cies, Mormon grabce (Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France, l re annee, 1876, 
p. 4). Neither one nor the other of these conclusions is admissible. The 
first supposition, of immaturity, falls before the facts the author presents ; 
in view of which, Vian himself has abandoned his position. 
The author devotes a couple of pages to the steps of the investigation by 
which he was led to discover the metamorphosis he had already suspected, 
being at length rewarded with actual witness of the transformation. He 
continues : The covering of the bill of these birds, w'hich in spring forms 
a solid homogeneous horny sheath, loosened and fell apart like the pieces of 
a coat of mail; the rosette at the angle of the mouth shrivelled and grew 
pale ; the horny plates about the eye had fallen in some specimens and 
were loosened in others ; the red feet became yelloAV ; and finally the 
change of plumage began in some specimens. In a word, the adult Lai'- 
ventauscher * grew under his eyes into what some have considered as the 
young of Mormon arctica , and into what has been called M. grabce. 
* Brelim (Handb. der Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.) once calls the Puffin Larven- 
tauscher, elsewhere invariably writing Larventaucher. If the first orthography 
is correct, We may conclude that the moult of the bill was known to the fisher- 
men of the Baltic long before M. Bureau discovered it. For der Larventauscher 
is, in effect, der Vogel der seine Larve tauscht , Voiseau qui change son masque, 
the bird that unmasks. As to der Larventaucher, it properly signifies der Tctu- 
