PARK AND CEMETERY. 
1)8 
drome under the direction of Airs. 
Grassau and Mrs. Diering. 
Afternoon Session. 
After disposing of preliminary busi- 
ness a paper by W. N. Rudd, president 
and superintendent Mf. Greenwood 
Cemetery, Chicago, on “The Subdivid- 
ing of a Cemetery in Lots, Plots and 
Single Graves” was read by Secretary 
Eurich. 
THE STJB-DItEDING OF A CEMETERY 
INTO SECTIONS, LOTS AND SINGLE- 
GRAVE SECTIONS. 
It should be understood that the following 
notes apply more particularly to cemetery 
tracts of the larger sizes, not especially 
diversified in topography, adjoining the 
larger cities and in which the first cost of 
the ground is high and the expense of de- 
velopment heavy. It may be stated that 
they are written more especially for condi- 
tions where the platted lots represent a cost 
of $2,000 and upwards per acre, exclusive 
of buildings, and where the average price 
obtained per square foot is 75c or more; it 
being understood also that a large propor- 
tion of the lot and grave owners are of the 
poorer classes and necessarily desirous of 
being as economical In their expenditures 
as possible. 
In those cemeteries where the first cost of 
the ground and the subsequent development 
are low. a more liberal allowance as to the 
sizes in the smaller lots and the space al- 
lowed for the single graves will be permis- 
sable. It is always to be remembered, how- 
ever, that every additional foot of ground 
entails a continuing additional expense for 
future care; that every foot of ground need- 
lessly used for drives, either by excessive 
width of the roadway or by providing for 
more drives than are absolutely necessary, 
is a serious burden for the future. There 
is not only the loss of the receipts from 
the sale of the ground so wasted, but the 
continuing heavy expense of maintaining the 
extra driveway, which is very much greater 
than the expense of maintaining the same 
area in lawn or shrubbery planted ground. 
-SECTIONS. 
The sizes and shapes of the sections will, 
of course, be determined by the general 
landscape plan and the layout of the roads; 
each separate tract surrounded by drive- 
w'ays being considered a section, although it 
will generally be found advisable to divide 
the spaces lying between the driveways and 
the boundaries of the cemetery into several 
sections by lines cut through the narrow'er 
parts. It is not a good practice to arrange 
for the driving of carts into the sections 
for the purpose of removing grave dirt and 
the like and the writer believes it Is gen- 
erally abandoned. For convenience in work- 
ing, therefore, these sections having drives 
on both sides should not exceed 300 feet 
in width except where the lay of the ground 
makes it absolutely necessary, and, on the 
other hand, they should not be greatly 
less than 200 feet in width, both through 
motives of economy and from the standpoint 
of general effect. The sections along the 
boundaries which have a drive on only one 
side should not exceed 150 feet, nor be less 
than 100 feet in width as a general rule. 
It is our custom, considering the high 
cost value of the property, to allow only 
ten feet free space between the boundary 
sections and the line fence, this, of course, 
being densely planted to trees and shrub- 
bery. The formal hedgellke appearance 
which would otherwise obtain being avoid- 
ed by running the planting out at intervals, 
somewhat more thinly, into the lots. 
The length of the sections should not be 
less than three times their width and we 
find sections 700 to 800 feet lo'ng not to be 
objectionable. The laying out of these long 
sections saves the loss of ground, the ex- 
pense of making and the maintenance of 
large areas of driveways. 
Another point to be considered is that 
practically all the vistas in cemetery land- 
scape are down the drives and the adjacent 
lots, and the only way that long and attrac- 
tive views can be obtained is by long sweeps 
of slightly swinging drives; the adjacent 
lots being deep, the monuments being placed 
at the back part of the lot and the plant- 
ing undulating towards and away from the 
driveways to conceal many of the monu- 
ments in the long vistas and partly con- 
ceal practically all of them. It is to be 
hoped, however, in this connection that no 
cemetery superintendent will attempt to 
make the final layout of his grounds with- 
out calling in the assistance of some land- 
scape architect who has had long and suc- 
cessful experience in the laying out of 
cemeteries. No matter how competent the 
superintendent is or how' long his experience 
in cemetery w'ork has been, his training is in 
the line of administration and development 
and the writer believes that in ninety-nine 
cases out of one hundred the aid of an expe- 
rienced landscape gardener will be of untold 
value, not only to the superintendent him- 
self, but to those who employ him. It is 
not the business of the cemetery superin- 
tendent to design a cemetery. His work is 
to develop the cemetery after the plans are 
made and to administer the affairs in a 
businesslike way. He is not an artist, but 
a hard-headed business man. Of course, it 
is necessary that he have a wide know'ledge 
of the technical parts of the work and thor- 
oughly appreciate the results desired to be 
obtained from the plans. The w'ork of lay- 
ing out the cemetery should be done by con- 
sultation between the landscape gardener 
and the superintendent, the former giving 
his wide knowledge and general experience, 
the latter modifying the ideas of the for- 
mer to fit the particular conditions with 
which he is necessarily .so familiar. 
LOTS. 
When the point of the sub-division of the 
sections into lots is reached, then the work 
must be done by the superintendent. Con- 
ditions in the different cemeteries differ 
so greatly that it is impossible to properly 
and economically subdivide the section with- 
out an exact and intimate knowledge of 
local conditions and of the character and 
w'ishes of the people who patronize the 
cemetery. 
In those cemeteries where a large propor- 
tion of the lot buyers are w'ell-to-do or 
■wealthy people, the lots of course will be 
laid out into larger sizes and less regard 
will be paid to keeping them in shapes best 
adapted for the maximum number of burials 
with the minimum use of ground. On the 
other hand, in cemeteries where a large 
proportion of the lot buyers belong to the 
poorer classes the lots must be laid out in 
smaller sizes, as nearly rectangular as pos- 
sible, and the dimensions so figured as to 
allow the greatest possible number of bur- 
ials in the smallest space. 
Returning again to the subject of vistas 
along the drives — the reasons given there 
make it necessary that the lots adjoining 
the drives be large ones and that they have 
good depth; a minimum depth of twenty feet 
should be the standard and this should be 
increased to forty feet or more to as great 
an extent as it is possible to dispose of 
such large lots. A planting space of not 
less than two feet should be left between 
the lots and the drives. This is useful as a 
place for the laying of water pipes and 
occasional drains, form a protection to the 
lot against vehicles and horses, and pre- 
vents the setting of any headstone .too close 
to the drive. A w'ider space up to four feet 
would be desirable from many points of 
view, but considering the loss of ground 
and the expense of maintenance it is not 
to be generally advised. 
The minimum depth of the front lot, as 
stated, is twenty feet. This, with the plant- 
ing space of two feet gives a depth to the 
back of the lot of twenty-two feet, and if 
the monument is placed within a foot or 
so of the back of the lot, and the other lots 
on the other side of the drive are treated 
in a similar way, an open stretch of ground 
of fifty feet or more, including the drive, is 
preserved unobstructed by monumental struc- 
tures. Adjoining the front lot and extend- 
ing back to a four-foot walk parallel with 
the drive should be another lot a little 
shallower than the front lot perhaps, or of 
equal depth. The minimum depth, however, 
of any lot should not be less than 17 feet. 
This gives space for two tiers of graves 
with their headstones (16 feet) and six 
inches between the borders of the lot and 
the ends of the graves which should be the 
minimum allowance, one foot, of course, 
being better. Where some very large lots 
are desired and the laying out of the whole 
outer border into very deep lots would pro- 
duce too many of the larger sizes, they 
can be alternated, one lot running clear 
over to the back walk, being 37 feet or 
more in depth, the next being cut into two. 
a front lot of 20 feet and a back lot f>t 
17 feet. 
A walk of four feet in width, it will be 
noted, has been recommended. The writer 
has found it an absolute w'aste to lay out 
any walk over four feet in width. This 
gives ample space for drains and water 
pipes, and as there is no teaming in the 
sections, there is no need for anything wider. 
At occasional intervals cross walks are to be 
constructed, running in as far as the first 
walk, at right angles wjth the drive and 
then going square across the center of the 
section on lines best adapted to the rectangu- 
lar subdivision of the inside turning again 
at the opposite side of the section to meet 
the opposite drive at right angles. 
Several points must be considered in de- 
termining the w'ldth of the lots on the 
drives. It should be understood that all 
dividing lines between these lots must be 
erected perpendicular to the drive. The 
w'idth of the front of the lot where it is 
desired to make the lots rather small, and 
especially where the drive curves outward 
strongly, must be fixed by a minimum width 
of the inside lot on the walk, as it is to 
be remembered that setting the dividing 
lines perpendicular to the drive makes them 
approach more closely as they come to the 
inside walk and if the front on the driv'e 
is made narrow, the front on the inside 
walk will be too short. In such cases it will 
be necessary to space oft minimum widths 
along the walk for the inside lots and let 
the frontage of the outside ones come as 
it will by dropping perpendiculars. On the 
other hand, where the drive curves in, the 
reverse condition will exist and the mini- 
mum frontages must be spaced along the 
drive and the perpendiculars allowed to 
strike where they will on the inside walk. 
One of the rqain things to be done in 
dividing a section into lots is to see at the 
time that no subsequent grouping or crowd- 
ing of monuments can possibly occur. Where 
a large demand exists for small lots, it is 
an excellent practice to lay out alternately 
two wide ones and then two narrow ones, 
the narrow ones to be sold with the agree- 
ment, which is entered in the deed, that no 
monument shall be ever erected upon them. 
In this way a large number of very desir- 
able small lots can be provided and yet the 
general appearance of the grounds be in no 
way injured. Our practice in the cheaper 
parts of the cemetery is to make these small 
lots S'hi or 11 feet front in the narrow 
part. By placing burials close together this 
gives three graves in width and allows a 
six-inch space between the outer graves and 
the lot line. An 8%-foot front by 17 feet 
deep will give six graves with headstones. 
We do not in practice, however, lay out 
anything less than 18 feet deep. In the 
larger lots grave spaces of 3 by 9 are al- 
lowed and from that on up to 4 by 10. 
When this part of the work is decided 
upon and the lots staked with temporary 
