PARK AND CEMETERY. 
274 
spread, and receive water over this 
large area, obviously cannot survive 
and should not be used. 
Elms, oaks and maples are trees of 
this class. Their size is against their 
use, as between high buildings they form 
an umbrella-like shade which shuts out 
light and air, making the streets dark 
and unsanitary. Also such trees have a 
very high rate of mortality which does 
is equally as good, although a slower- 
growing tree. 
In recommending the horse chestnut 
for such use, it should be borne in mind 
that the tree is not recommended for 
residence streets, where it is so much 
used in this city. On resident streets 
it is not at all a suitable tree. Its dense 
shade prevents the growth of grass on 
the parking beneath, while its crops of 
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vents injury by boys, and the constant 
care by street cleaners easily keeps the 
nuts and burrs from becoming a nuis- 
ance. 
Another type of tree planting which 
may be considered under class one is 
that of formal open spaces in business 
sections, such as the civic centers around 
which public buildings are grouped. The 
conditions here are similar to those of 
business streets, and the low and formal 
type of tree planting, to blend well with 
the architectural composition, is obvi- 
ously the ideal. Among existing exam- 
ples of the treatment of such open 
places, in a more or less formal manner, 
are the TrocaderO' and Place de la Con- 
cord, in Paris, and the Opern Platz be- 
fore the Royal Library in Berlin. We 
have an unusually good opportunity for 
some such treatment in our own Cam- 
pus Martins. Here suitably designed 
tree planting would give an ordered 
unity to the present cut-up area and 
increase greatly its existing beauty, be- 
sides furnishing a welcome shade in hot 
weather. 
not come, unfortunately, until the trees nuts and burrs form unsightly litter. 
are nearly mature, so that we get serious 
breaks in the tree lines, and if younger 
trees are started to replace the losses, 
they never quite catch up, so that the 
uniformity of the planting is lost. 
Streets being as they are, formal crea- 
tions of 'man, it is evident that their 
ideal expression is formality, and to 
harmonize with this formality, tree 
planting, unless presenting great uni- 
formity, mars rather than enhances a 
street’s beauty. 
Considering all these things, it would 
seem that for such streets the obvious 
ideal is a tree which will stand the 
adverse conditions and meet the require- 
ments of good design. Such a tree 
should stand growing in small root 
compass in a sort of a flower-pot of 
soil, beneath an iron grating. It should 
be small, carry its head low, sufficient 
to give shade on the Sidewalk beneath, 
without spreading across the street and 
shutting out the air and light. It should 
also be a tree which can be moved easily 
at maturity, so that dead or unhealthy 
trees may be readily replaced, thus caus- 
ing no break in the uniformity of the 
tree lines. 
A tree which fulfils all these require- 
ments is found in the horse chestnut, 
used so much in Europe. These trees, 
besides meeting the above conditions, are 
very formal and blend well with the ■ 
architectural lines, and by concealing 
the lower stories, which, on account of 
business conditions, must necessarily be 
diverse, they also increase the architec- 
tural effect. The American hornbeam 
besides attracting boys who throw sticks 
and stones into its foliage or break its 
branches in pursuit of the nuts. On 
business thoroughfares, growing beneath 
gratings in the pavement, its shade is, 
of course, no drawback. Also adequate 
police supervision in such districts pre- 
Second. Formal Avenues. In streets 
of this class, the architectural design is 
of great importance, and so a break in 
the tree lines affecting the composition 
is even more serious than in the purely 
business streets. Such streets being 
very broad, usually permit of good-sized 
parking areas, so that there is more 
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