275 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
range in the trees which may be selected. 
For the best results medium-sized trees 
of hardy and more or less formal char- 
acter are found in the Norway and hard 
maple, Oriental plane, English elm, lin- 
den, etc. Here, as in the case of the 
smaller trees, the city should maintain 
nurseries, from which full-grown speci- 
mens maj'^ be had at any time to replace 
breaks in the planting. For such streets, 
wide-spreading trees of more or less pic- 
turesque growth, like the elm or oak. 
center. When the streets or avenues are 
of great width, several rows of trees 
may be used with good effect. There 
are numerous methods of such arrange- 
ment, as illustrated in examples like the 
Champs Elysees in Paris, the Ring 
Strasse in Vienna, the Opering at W ien, 
Unter den Linden in Berlin, Common- 
wealth Avenue in Boston, and numerous 
other examples, both in America and 
Europe. 
Third. Residential Streets. On streets 
onous and rather gloomy expression, its 
short-lived qualities and dense, damp 
shade are against it. Fortunately, it is 
its own antidote, and fifteen years or so 
removes it. For quick results this tree 
has its use, and may often be planted for 
immediate effect, while slower-growing 
trees are maturing. When planted alone 
its cheapness is a false consideration, for 
having to be replaced in a short period 
of years, the final cost is greater than 
that of more enduring trees. 
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should not be used, since they do not 
blend well with the formal expression, 
and conceal too much of the architec- 
ture. 
Special kinds of trees are occasionally 
employed for the treatment of such ave- 
nues ; trees made possible by varying 
climatic conditions, and which give a 
unique and peculiar character to the 
street. There are numerous examples of 
such avenues, both here and abroad, 
which people will travel far to see, and 
once seeing, will remember long after 
the rest of the city is forgotten. Two 
.A.merican examples, notable because of 
their unique characters,' are the Avenue 
of Magnolias in Riverside, Cal., and the 
Avenue of Ginkgo trees on the Mall in 
W'^ashington. 
In considering streets of both of the 
foregoing classes nothing has been said 
concerning the placing or arrangement 
of the trees. The design of the tree ar- 
rangement depends upon the width and 
nature of the street. Many narrow 
streets are much better off without trees 
at all, and sometimes streets too narrow 
for a double line of trees may be effec- 
tively planted with a single line in the 
of the third class we have greatly 
changed conditions and much more free- 
dom in the use of our trees. Uniformity 
is not so essential. That is, while the 
tree lines must be continuous and sym- 
metrical with respect to the street it- 
self, the kind and size of trees to be 
used permit variation. Especially should 
the planting of nearby streets differ from 
each other, nothing being so monotonous, 
especially in flat cities like Detroit, as 
street after street with long stretching- 
lines of absolutely similar trees. This 
is especially noticeable when trees with 
little or no character and dignity, such 
as Carolina poplar, soft maple, catalpa, 
etc., are used. 
Detroit, in common with many cities 
of the west and the middle west, suffers 
from a severe attack of Carolina pop- 
laritis. The cheapness and quick-grow- 
ing qualities of this tree have brought 
it into undeserved favor, just as similar 
conditions have brought the soft maple 
and the cottonwood into favor in the 
irrigated cities. There are people who 
consider the Carolina poplar a first-class 
street tree, but aside from the monot- 
On resident streets the elm really 
comes to its own and is an ideal tree 
for such use. Here the streets are suf- 
ficiently wide, or should be, and the 
buildings sufficiently low, so that the 
shade of the trees being carried above 
allows the free circulation of air and 
light beneath the foliage. Other trees 
advisable for such streets are the Nor- 
way and hard maples. Oriental plane, 
red, black and pin oaks, thornless locust, 
English elm, linden and like trees. 
Fourth. Parkways and Boulevards. 
Just as the chief element in class one is 
utilitarian, so here the main considera- 
tion is aesthetic. The conditions of 
growth being of the best, any tree which 
is desired may be grown successfully. 
From the point of design, these boule- 
vards or parkways are either formal or 
informal and the tree planting evidently 
must correspond. For the formal types, 
the trees, besides being regular in ar- 
rangement, should be more or less for- 
mal in character, while for the natural- 
istic roadways, an informal grouping is 
logical. In the latter case, the trees may 
be used either singly or in clumps, and 
