283 
F ARK AND CEMETERY. 
them having a bust of the deceased 
cut in one side, there are others which 
attract the eye either for their artistic 
worth or because of the note of the 
persons buried at their side. A semi- 
circular wall of marble, shaded by 
weeping willows, among others, marks 
the grave of Bathjany, one of the 
“fathers” of modern Hungary. Kos- 
suth’s grave reminds one of an old 
Eastern tomb — a series of slabs, each 
a trifle smaller than the other and 
placed in a tier, four or five steps 
high. A low railing, hidden by a 
hedge of dwarfed arbor-vitaes, sur- 
rounds the lot, so as to enclose a 
pedestal, capped by a female figure, in 
bronze, which is one of the artistic 
gems of the kingdom. A great mau- 
soleum is now in course of erection 
in this cemetery for Kossuth, the 
funds being suscribed, as a result of 
newspaper agitation, from persons in 
all parts of Hungary. The building, 
from present appearances, greatly re- 
sembles Grant’s tomb in New York. 
Deak, another of Hungary’s great 
men, likewise has a mausoleum here, 
built in imitation of a Doric temple. 
Deak was the Minister of Commerce 
who brought about the “Ausgleich” 
or union between Austria and Hun- 
gary, and an angel of choice white 
marble is set over a sarcophagus of 
the same in the tomb, so as to be vis- 
ible from the entrance. Another of 
the Ministers of Commerce, Lucas 
Bila, possesses one of the handsomest 
monuments in the cemetery, the 
stone enclosing a bronze medallion of 
a laborer, stripped to the waist. 
Rather melancholy interest attaches 
to this grave, since Bila came to his 
end by suicide, as result of his en- 
tire family being assassinated at their 
county seat by the Vlachs as a result 
of political agitation. 
Many family tombs flank the ave- 
nues of “steeple-poplars” here, and 
into these one descends, under flat 
stone covers, to see the coffins placed 
at either side. Unlike the large 
French cemeteries, coffins are not 
placed one above the other here. 
While graves along the main roads 
are absolutely free and given for per- 
petuity, these are open only to recog- 
nized “great” folk. Where front row 
lots are sold on lesser avenues, they 
come to $120 each. Other graves hold 
good for thirty-two years, after which 
the body is disinterred and placed in a 
common grave with hundreds of 
others. 
In the cemeteries of the Ice-Cave 
region of Hungary it is the fashion to 
erect a crucifix with a figure of 
Christ painted upon the cross; while 
at many of the graves smaller crosses 
are erected. This custom of the large 
crucifix was imitated, until a very few 
years ago, in a country graveyard at 
Bridgetown, O. 
On the way to Sarajevo, in Bosnia, 
isolated by itself, in the open fields, 
travelers occasionally see a small cem- 
etery, with two short sticks placed 
slanting from either side of one end 
of the graves, so as to cross each 
other about three feet above it, mak- 
ing the cemetery resemble most a bit 
of wind-blown stubble. 
Among the vineyards along the 
Buna, in this same section, it is the 
custom to place low wooden tablets 
beside each vine, so that the uninit- 
iated is constantly mistaking the low- 
cut vineyards for cemeteries. 
The caverns of St. Canzian. in 
Istria, have for countless centuries 
formed the burial place of the old 
Roman inhabitants, whose skeletons, 
or single bones, as well as burial ash, 
are exhumed now and then, and re- 
moved to the museum of Trieste. 
In the yard of the National Mu- 
seum at Sofia, Bulgaria, is preserved 
an ancient sarcophagus exhumed in 
the vicinity. Bulgaria is full of these 
ancient pre-Turkish cemeteries, which, 
like our own Mound-Builder burying- 
grounds, have their secrets only com- 
paratively slightly unlocked as yet. 
In another portion of Bulgaria, in 
the vicinity of picturesque Tirnova, 
the similarity is even greater, for 
there genuine, grass-grown tumulii, 
like the burrows of England or the 
mounds of Illinois, rise from the pas- 
tures, being the more conspicuous for 
the close-cropped herbage, which the 
sheep keep at a minimum height. 
Many of these tumulii are built, with 
purpose, on the sides of summits of 
low hills. 
In the vicinity of Plevna, miniature 
battle cemeteries everywhere abound. 
Quite usually there will be a monu- 
ment of white marble, topped with a 
little iron cross, and neighbored by a 
rose-bush inside the grating; but 
where only one or two soldiers are 
buried, a head-stone, cut into the 
form of a clover leaf, rising from the 
midst of broad acres of fallow, like 
some old slave’s grave in our own 
South, will be all there is to indicate 
the site. Russia, in consequence, is 
erecting a handsome mausoleum, and 
also monument in the heart of the 
town, for the memory of her dead at 
this place, and here and there the 
Turks have already set up obelisks to 
especially noted pashas killed in the 
encounter. 
In Macedonia not even the dead 
may hope to rest in peace, and the 
permission to a given religion to have 
its owm private graveyard is a boon 
not to be overestimated. For exam- 
ple, at Monister, when currying their 
favor, last fall the Turks allowed 
members of the Rouman Church to 
open a private cemetery, thus arous- 
ing the jealousy of all Greeks and 
Bulgars in the province, and so, true 
to Turkish politics, pitting these “in- 
fidel” tribes against the other. 
To the Greek Orthodox Hospital 
at Monister there is attached a little 
cemetery, surrounded by the usual 
wall, and the bodies placed in tombs, 
each with a cross at its head, the 
whole being a most uninspiring view 
for the patients inside the hospital, 
and forming quite a contrast to the 
gaily-painted stones in the neighbor- 
ing Moslem graveyard. The der- 
vishes have, likewise, a private bury- 
ing ground at this point; with the 
poles, that replace the tombstones, 
each surmounted by a tall brown fez 
of adobe. 
Rich Turks are buried in handsome 
tombs, in the courtyards of the 
mosques, of which sarcophagii there 
are some magnificent specimens in 
western Turkey, notably at Salonica. 
These throw into relief the more, the 
miserable, weed-grown cemeteries — 
of which Monister boasts the worst— 
never -tended, and with the dogs kept 
off the graves only where a bit of 
iron grating has been placed by rela- 
tives of the deceased, and yet which, 
with their blue and yellow paintings 
on the low, square tablets, or on the 
circular head and foot-stones, covered 
over with the Arabic, seem to be 
mocking both death and- neglect to 
scorn. 
One point, however, alone in all 
these lands stands as a foil to this bar- 
barism, and that is the magnificent 
mausoleum of Alexander of Bulgaria, 
built on the outskirts of the capital 
city, Sofia. 
This structure, built of white mar- 
ble, in the form of a small Doric tem- 
ple, stands in a little garden, enclosed 
by ornamental gratings. A soldier 
has his place at the door and for a 
small fee admits the visitor. Stone 
stairs then lead to an iron door, giv- 
ing access to the main chamber of 
the mausoleum. From the marble 
floors the walls lead up, every inch of 
space, however, decorated with long, 
pendant, many-colored ribbons, at- 
tached, in their time, to great wreaths, 
sent to the Prince’s funeral, and bear- 
ing the sender’s name. 
Felix J. Koch. 
