164 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
the storage of cinerary urns, the whole being surround- 
with an open colonnade. 
In some cases cloisters, or colonnades, are arranged 
around the outside of the building, with niches or 
latebrae in the walls to receive the urns containing the 
ashes of the dead, in addition to niches inside the 
building. In other cases a columbarium may be ar- 
ranged in the crematorium, by constructing galleries 
around the upper part of the hall or chapel ; but it is 
the general practice to erect an independent building. 
In all cases every inch of space should be considered, 
so as to obtain as many niches as possible. The size 
and shape of the niches varies, according to the num- 
ber of urns to be placed therein ; in some cases pro- 
vision is made for as many as ten urns in one niche. 
The urns usually adopted in England are made 
of terra-cotta, but occasionally marble and metal urns 
are used to receive the ashes. The niches formed in 
the “Roman style’’ in the columbarium of Fresh Ponds 
Crematory, New York, are 22 in. by 16 in. The price 
in the upper row, all round the building, is $10 each, 
in the next lower row $15, and then $20 and $25. 
The finest columbarium in existence is the Odd 
Fellows’ at San Francisco, formerly illustrated in 
Park and Cemetery. It provides for over 4,000 
urns. There is no columbarium of any magnitude or 
beauty in England, owing to this country being back- 
ward in adopting cremation. 
An excellent example of the combined method is 
provided in the crematorium at Liverpool, a small 
columbarium being arranged in the basement or crypt 
beneath the chapel. 
In the Birmingham crematorium the furnace ar- 
rangements — which have been erected under the su- 
pervision of the company’s consulting engineers, 
Messrs. Willcox & Raikes — include several novel de- 
vices. One part of the furnace is used as a coal-gas 
retort only, and the other consists of the incinerating 
chamber, where the gas is burned with a sufficient 
admixture of air to effect cremation. The hot prod- 
ucts of combustion are arranged to pass through a 
small tubular boiler, the steam from which is used 
in blowers to furnish a hot-air blast to the incinerat- 
ing chamber. The air blast is heated by being passed 
through a series of tubes which are raised to a high 
temperature by the waste gases from the incinerating 
chamber. The boiler is so arranged that steam can 
be raised in it by a separate coal fire, so that at light- 
ing up there need be no undue delay. The coffin is 
removed from the catafalque mechanically, by means 
of an endless chain attachment, and is, by the same 
agency, passed to a steel carriage in the ante-chcm- 
ber, whence it is moved on rails to immediately oppo- 
site the door of the furnace. The chimney is about 
80 ft. high. It is stated that a temperature of from 
1,800 deg. to 2,000 deg. Fahr. is obtained in the cre- 
mating chamber, and the time taken in the actual cre- 
mation is on an average about one and a half hours. 
The Binningham crematorium was erected from the 
design of Mr. Frank Osborne, architect, Birmingham, 
cost about £6,000, and was opened in October, 1903. 
It is designed in the early-English style, and com- 
prises a chapel 50 ft. long by 25 ft. wide, and about 
40 ft. high to the ridge, having an open timbered 
roof. On one side there is a vestry and registry office, 
with a separate entrance, and on the other side a small 
mortuary chamber. The chapel is principally lighted 
by clerestory windows, beneath which are recesses for 
the reception of cinerary urns. 
The Liverpool crematorium, which is the property 
of the Liverpool Crematorium Company, Limited, ad- 
joins the Anfield Park Cemetery, Anfield. This build- 
ing, which was designed by the late James Rhind, 
architect, of Liverpool, is an excellent example of a 
well-planned crematorium, with a small columbarium. 
On the ground floor are arranged a chapel, ante- 
chamber, waiting-room and incinerating chamber, 
with the necessary apparatus for cremation. Under 
the chapel, and with direct access from it, is provided 
a columbarium, having three well-lighted corridors 
or passages, in which are arranged a series of 486 
niches for the reception of urns, some of a size suit- 
able for five urns and others intended to receive three. 
The total cost, including buildings, land and furnace, 
was about £8,000, the cost of the land being £1,875. 
The Buffalo Crematory Temple, Buffalo, N. Y., 
is situated in the most beautiful part of the city, about 
twenty minutes’ drive from the City Park, fronting 
one of the finest cemeteries in the United States. 
The building was erected from the design of Messrs. 
Green & Wicks, architects, Buffalo, and is built of 
dark brown sandstone, in a plain substantial style, 
with a square tower and steep slanting roof. The 
chancel is decorated in the Early Italian style. There 
are twenty-one different symbols and devices inter- 
woven in arches of peacock green and blue, while 
the windows, of rich, stained glass, shed a “dim, re- 
ligious light.” The nave, too, is decorated in the 
same style. All the surroundings combine to show 
respect for the dead, with due reverence for the 
feelings of the living. 
The Oakland Crematorium, Oakland, Cal., which 
stands upon a site overlooking Mountain View Cem- 
etery, was erected from the design of Mr. Walter 
J. Matthews. It is a well-arranged crematorium, 
having a chapel with aisles, the columns supporting 
a cornice and panelled ceiling. The chancel is circular 
in form, with a dome ceiling. On the right of the 
chancel is arranged the organ chamber, and on the 
left an entrance to the incinerating room. The front 
of the organ-chamber and the entrance to the in- 
cinerating-room are enclosed with a carved screen 
which can be thrown back, giving a complete view 
of the incinerating-chamber from the chapel. 
