XII 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE 
GARDENING 
(Concluded from page 519) 
3. The use of many herbaceous flow- 
ering plants in sharply defined border 
plantations surrounding the shrubbery 
plantings. 
4. The presence of very formal ave- 
nues of trees pruned to solid perpen 
dicular faces of foliage. 
The entire underlying principle ma> 
be summed up as design plus plantings 
as an accessory. 
Unlike the Italian spirit of gardening, 
in which the design was the strong un- 
derlying motive, very much subdued by 
plantings, etc., the motive in these 
French gardens is design, which is al- 
ways the dominating spirit. In the 
Italian gardens the student is impressed 
with the wonderful adaptation of the 
design to the specific location only after 
careful study, and he is not impressed 
with the formality seen on the scale of 
grandeur illustrated by the noted gar- 
dens of France. 
I would not have you feel that the 
gardens of these countries as such are 
the only features worthy of study. 
Within the recent past the various cities 
have established beautiful parks, exten- 
sive boulevards, public squares and 
playgrounds to the careful study of 
which much time might well be de- 
voted. The City of Paris has done 
more than any other city on the con- 
tinent to improve and plant its boule- 
vards and parks. Other foreign cities 
among which are Reims, Nancy, and 
Orleans, together with a great num- 
ber of the important cities of Italy, 
are fostering with a great deal of civic 
pride the growth of art as evidenced 
in these public improvements. The dis- 
tinctive characteristics of these parks, 
etc., are not of a widely varying nature, 
except as influenced by the different 
variations of climate, etc., as seen on 
the Mediterranean coast and in south- 
ern Italy, where the vegetation used is 
as different in character from that of 
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