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PARK AND CEMETERY. 
right principles to secure distinctive 
American types of work. Let us now 
briefly consider some of the many 
classes or types of problems in land- 
scape design met with in the practice of 
this profession in America today, and 
note how we are helped in their solu- 
tion by this study of the past. 
In the first place what may be termed 
domestic landscape architecture, the de- 
signing of suburban and country estates 
and grounds. How varied these are, 
located on the rugged coasts of Maine, 
the tropic sands of Florida, amid the 
mountains and on the level prairies and 
amidst the semi-tropic conditions of the 
Pacific Slope. How make rules for such 
varities of conditions? Manifestly no^ 
rule of thumb will answer. Right basic 
principles are of the utmost importance 
however, and these are suggested by our 
earlier studies. From Egypt, Greece and 
Rome, from Italy, France and Eng- 
land do we draw our inspiration but 
none of their works do we copy, only 
the principles there determined. 
In these domestic problems there are 
always two main groups of factors of 
importance ; first, the local ones, that is 
to say, the conditions of topography, 
existing vegetation, climate, soil, prox- 
imity and direction of outside factors 
affecting the accessibility of the site, 
and second, the personal factor. Who 
is the home for? How many are to 
live in it? Is it to be an all the year 
around one, or to be used only in the 
summer or winter? What funds are 
available for the adjustment of the land 
and improvement of the landscape ? All 
these and many other things are to be 
ascertained as a basis from which to 
proceed. A careful consideration of 
these two points, the local and the per- 
sonal, will prevent any sameness of 
treatment even in similar localities. 
As we particularly noted in the case 
of the design of the Italian villa and 
grounds, fitness, accessibility as to sup- 
plies of material, water and so on, are 
considered. Provision is made for 
means of approach both for guests and 
service. Views or outlook from the 
site and the aspect of the finished 
scheme from without are all studied, 
and the proportioning of the three vital 
elements of the design, the entrance, the 
service and the living or pleasure por- 
tions of the grounds are carefully de- 
termined, usually the greater area being 
devoted to the latter. Local topograph- 
ical and climatic conditions affect all 
GROUNDS OF MONTACUTE HOUSE IN ENGLAND. 
Note tlie predominance of greensward and foliage. 
PLAN OP BRICKWALL HOUSE AND GROUNDS. ENGLAND. 
Note the mediaeval influences, the fitting of existing conditions and the more or less 
disregard of exact symmetry. 
and formal motives, and distinctly less 
symmetry than in either the French or 
Italian work. There was a good deal 
of unity withal and a very distinctive 
difference is shown as regards the plant- 
ing. In the French formal work the 
gravel paths are the basis of the design 
and the parterres, fountain basins, pools 
and other details are laid out or set out, 
as it were, in the midst of the gravel 
walks which are always very much in 
evidence. In the best English work the 
effects secured were quite the opposite. 
There is always the background of turf 
and foliage masses upon which the paths 
are laid out as a much more incidental 
feature. 
With this very brief and altogether 
inadequate resume of the more salient 
principles of earlier landscape design 
before us, let us now turn for a few 
moments to the result of all this as 
expressed in the landscape architecture 
of the present day, especially in Amer- 
ica. Our problems here are many and 
varied and far removed in the charac- 
ter of the surroundings, climate and 
other conditions from almost all of those 
we have mentioned. The trained land- 
scape architect in America uses his 
study of these earlier problems if he 
has the right spirit as a guide to cor- 
rect principles solely. These earlier 
European landscape designers did this in 
their own case and were constantly and 
indefatigably searching for right prin- 
ciples of design applicable to the par- 
ticular problem in hand. The best of 
them never slavishly copied others and 
we should not. We should use these 
