PARK AND CEMETERY. 
642 
that the utterly liaphazarcl and 
thoughtless methods, or lack of meth- 
ods, of the past, must be abandoned 
and something better substituted, it 
is to be noted that in this country 
alone fully seventy cities are engaged 
in more or less elaborate studies 
with this purpose in mind. In Eu- 
rope great city planning efforts are 
going forward; staid old London is 
having its very vitals renovated; Ber- 
lin is in the midst of similar upheav- 
als, and Paris, which we have been 
brought up to believe was nearly per- 
fect in this respect, is getting ready 
to spend untold millions for further 
improvements of this sort. 
It has not been possible within 
the necessary limits of such a paper 
as this to more than enumerate some 
of the salient features of this profes- 
sion and the preparation necessary 
for the practice thereof. Inadequately 
and briefly as this has been done, how- 
ever, the aim has been to make clear 
that while as its leaders contend this 
our beloved profession of landscape 
architecture is most assuredly one, if 
not in its comprehensiveness, the 
greatest of all the fine arts, its sure 
foundation and its never failing hand- 
maiden is science. There has been 
perhaps much too strong a feeling in 
the past on the part of some of the 
present-day leaders in this profession 
that the influence of science in con- 
nection with this or any other fine 
art is of necessity more or less con- 
The country about Nikko, Japan, 
is rich in native plants which have 
found their way into our American 
gardens both in their native forms 
and in the many varieties which have 
evolved through the medium of the 
gardener. 
Nikko is about 100 miles north of 
Tokyo at an altitude of some 2,000 
feet and nestled in a most pictur- 
esque valley. The surrounding moun- 
tain peaks rise boldly, some of them 
to over 8,000 feet, producing a con- 
siderable range in climatic conditions 
both in temperature and rainfall. The 
character of the soil also varies great- 
ly. These many variations encourage 
the great diversity of plant life one 
encounters in proceeding up through 
the valleys and on to the mountains. 
While this section is usuall}^ thickly 
blanketed with snow during the win- 
ter months, often several feet deep 
taminating. Art and science have 
been regarded as antagonistic. But 
are they? Certainlj" the greatest 
painters, sculptors and composers 
have been absolute masters of the 
technique, or in other words, the 
science of their particular art. There 
was never a truly fine art developed 
without a complete mastery of its 
technique. iNIany of the old masters 
spent years of patient study in the 
preparation of their colors alone, and 
we know how successfully. 
Quite as certainly is it true that this 
technique must never be allowed to 
master art. We know how thorough- 
ly jMichael Angelo, for e.xample, in 
the pursuit of perfection in his art 
studied anatomy and how some of 
his later work was marred by his evi- 
dent desire to show therein his com- 
plete knowledge of the most minute 
details of human anatomical condi- 
tions. It is by a thorough knowl- 
edge of the principles and facts, in 
other words the scientific data in each 
case, and yet by an equally complete 
suljordination of all this to the high- 
est aesthetic purposes or aims that 
perfection in this or any other art 
is attained. 
Therefore do we study the past; 
therefore do we require the most 
careful preliminary investigations and 
the preparation of accurate scientific- 
ally prepared topographical plans be- 
fore we can do any of our work suc- 
cessfully; for fitness and practicabil- 
By Ernest F. Coe, Landscape 
Architect, New Haven, Conn. 
and severely cold, we were fortunate 
in finding very little snow on the 
ground when we arrived February 
18th. The next morning was bright 
and clear though crisp and cold, the 
ground being frozen cpiite deep in the 
exposed places. 
The Cryptomeria Groves about the 
old temple grounds are famous for 
their grandeur and associated with 
them are old specimens of Japanese 
Yew, Umbrella Pine, Magnolia, Hem- 
lock, Fir, Rhododendron, Azalea, etc., 
many, no doubt, having been there 
since the 17th century, when the illus- 
trious Shogun leyasu’s Mausoleunr 
was started. An old Umbrella Pine 
or Koya-maki of the Japanese, some- 
wliat decrepit with age stands at the 
left of the gate leading to leyasu’s 
Mausoleum. This is said to be the 
identical tree that he personally car- 
ried there from its mountain habitat 
ity are always t(D be considered first. 
It was because they never forgot 
these things and were trained to do 
them that the masters in our pro- 
fession in both Europe and America 
had such success. Alphand and An- 
dre in h'rance, and Major L’Enfant 
in the early days here in his prepara- 
tion of that masterpiece of landscape 
architecture, the plans for the City 
of Washington, followed by that 
greater master of the art, the elder 
Olmsted, all had scientific training 
of the most rigid sort and never for- 
got its principles or their application 
to the work before them. 
So must we follow in their foot- 
steps, not as copyists or imitators, but 
as through, conscientious students of 
principles. 
How great shall be the benefits to 
mankind when in this art which so 
vitally affects humanity, all such prob- 
lems as have been referred to and 
many others allied thereto, shall be 
attacked and solved in the right spir- 
it; a true blending of art and science. 
Neither first, but both keenly and 
sensitively appreciated for their true 
worth, for as Mr. Olmsted has well 
said: “The demands of beauty are 
in a large measure identical with effi- 
ciency and economy, and regard for 
beauty neither follows after regard 
for the practical ends to be obtained 
nor precedes it, but must inseparably 
accompany it.” 
(Conclusion.) 
E TO JAPAN 
when so small that it could be put 
into his palanquin. 
As one emerges from these sacred 
old groves surrounding the temples 
on the way to Lake Chuziuji, he finds 
himself in a deep gorge, a clear rush- 
ing torrent at his feet and high moun- 
tains on both sides. Picturesque Jap- 
anese homes and stores of many 
styles and classes appear at intervals. 
On the road which is a highway to 
and from upper mountain districts 
one frequently meets the passing 
primitive packs of the mountain peo- 
ple; some on horses, some on bul- 
locks and many on seemingly over- 
burdened men and women whose 
wearing apparel is often so scanty 
that the wonder is that they do not 
freeze to death. The ascent for the 
first half follows the river. In the 
sheltered ravines Cr 3 'ptomeria, sev- 
eral sorts of Pines, Cypress, Hemlock 
FAMILIAR PLANTS NATIV 
