PARK AND CEMETERY. 
726 
necessary for our health, but the object 
can be easily produced by a compara- 
tively loose plantation of groups of 
trees and shrubs, so as to give all the 
■effect of a large mass, and will form a 
screen at once and yet will have a 
graceful ornamental effect and will give 
dignity and importance to the house, 
and all objects not desired kept out of 
view. A good proportion of evergreens 
should be used both for the purpose of 
shelter, richness of color, ornamental ef- 
fect and sweet healthful aroma. No 
large growing trees or shrubs should be 
■planted too near the house, as they will 
make the house damp; small growing 
evergreens and shrubs I consider pref- 
erable. The lawn should approach the 
house, and its richness of green should 
be seen from the principal parts of the 
house. In the lawn appropriate places 
will be found for a number of trees, 
single or in small groups. Diligent care 
and study is the principal factor in 
planting the single as well as the groups 
of trees and shrubs, and so placed that 
they will not at some future time inter- 
rupt or disturb the finest views. 
Persons who have a small cottage 
place, a 50 or 100-foot lot, and try 
with very little expenditure to improve 
their grounds in a tasteful and pleasing 
manner, I would advise to use sim- 
plicity; plant native trees, a few vines 
around the porch, and perhaps a few 
HOW TO SAVE 
Within the past ten years a large 
percentage of the hickory trees have 
.died in various sections throughout 
the northern tier of states from Wis- 
consin to Vermont and southward 
through the Atlantic States to cen- 
tral Georgia and to a greater or less 
extent within the entire range of 
natural growth of the various species. 
While there are several and some- 
times complicated causes of the death 
of the trees, investigations by experts 
of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, have re- 
vealed the fact that the hickory bark 
beetle is by far the most destructive 
insect enemy and is, therefore, in the 
majority of cases, the primary cause 
of the dying of the trees. 
The first evidence of the presence 
and work of the beetle is the prema- 
ture dying or falling of a few of the 
leaves in July and August caused by 
the adult or parent beetles feeding on 
the bark at the base of the leaf stem, 
but this work alone does not kill the 
trees. 
The next evidence of its destructive 
work is the dying of part of a tree or 
all of one or more trees. If the trees 
shrubs to hide any possible outbuildings. 
The rest of the ground should be given 
to lawn and perhaps to one or two an- 
nual flower beds in the front lawn. 
The most tasteless and unsatisfactory 
places are those that are overplanted 
and those in which without any definite 
aim everything is attempted; a mixed 
jumble of discordant forms; forty-sev- 
en varieties or more of trees not yet 
acclimated arranged in one style or an- 
other without the least feeling of unity; 
planting without taste and the improp- 
er selection of material. Native trees, 
shrubs and flowers that have proven 
to be perfectly hardy beyond doubt 
should be exclusively used in the small 
cottage grounds and I would advise 
to plant such varieties as found in 
your localities. In the parkway or so- 
called street planting in front of the 
small suburban lot, in case there are 
trees planted at all, use the American 
White Elm or Sugar Maple. If you de- 
sire quicker results, plant the Soft 
Maple or Carolina Poplar between the 
elms or maples as a nursing tree ; cut 
them out when they interfere with the 
permanent trees. Should the parkway 
be partially planted with trees and only 
one or two trees are required, plant in 
harmony with the others ; in other 
words, use the same variety of trees if 
possible. In the arrangement of large 
extent of surface where a great many 
are dying from the attack of the 
beetle, an examination of the inner 
bark and surface of the wood on the 
main trunks will reveal curious centi- 
pede-like burrows in the bark and 
grooved on the surface of the wood. 
These are galleries and burrows of 
the parent beetles and of their broods 
of young grubs or larvae. The gird- 
ling effect of these galleries is the 
real cause of the death of the trees. 
The broods of the beetle pass the 
winter in the bark of the trees that 
die during the preceding summer and 
fall. During the warm days of March 
and April these overwintered broods 
complete their development to the 
adult winged form, which during May 
and June emerge through small round 
holes in the bark and fly to the living 
trees. They then attack the twigs to 
feed on the base of the leaves and 
tender bark and concentrate in the 
bark of the trunks and large branches 
of some *of the living healthy trees 
and bore through the bark to exca- 
vate their short vertical egg galleries. 
The eggs are deposited along the 
sides of these galleries and the larvae 
hatching from them excavate the 
trees are required the variety of plants 
may be larger and such naturalized for- 
eign trees as the Horse Chestnut, Lom- 
bardy poplar, Ailanthus, Sycamore, 
Maple, English Elm, Oriental Spruce 
and Arborvitae, English Yew, Japan 
Juniper, Normandy Spruce, English 
Hawthorn, etc. These, however, should 
not be used as fundamentals. Our Am- 
erican sugar maple is superior in many 
ways to its European rivals. Compare 
the White Elm with the European va- 
rieties, Huntington, Dovie, Superba, 
etc.; the American variety with its ele- 
gant graceful pendant branches, the 
European upright, stiff, formal. I 
have no doubt that you have 
seen streets planted with the 
European Elm; no doubt you re- 
member the effect. Compare, if you 
will, an avenue planted with the Ameri- 
can White Elm with its branches arch- 
ing over the street and the European 
stiff, upright, unattractive. Where 
large trees and many of them are re- 
quired for natural planting we should 
give preference to our American Oaks. 
The oak grows slowly the first five or 
si.x years, but after that it grows very 
rapidly. The oak is one of our most 
beautiful and useful trees for ornamen- 
tal planting, and even for street plant- 
ing. I would recommend it and espe- 
cially the White Oak, Burr Oak, and 
Pin Oak. 
radiating food burrows which serve 
to girdle the tree or branch. 
The following recommendations for 
the successful control of this bettle 
are based on investigations, experi- 
ments and demonstrations conducted 
by the experts on forest insects of 
the Bureau of Entomology during the 
past 10 years: 
The best time to conduct the con- 
trol work is between October 1st and 
May 1st, but must be completed be- 
fore the first to middle of May in 
order to destroy the broods of the 
beetle before they begin to emerge. 
The hickory trees within an area 
of several square miles that died dur- 
ing the summer and fall and those of 
which part or all of the tops or large 
branches died should be located and 
marked with white paint or otherwise. 
Fell the marked dead trees and cut 
out all dead branches or the tops of 
the remaining marked trees which still 
have sufficient life to make a new 
growth of branches. 
Dispose of all infested trunks and 
branches in such a manner as to kill 
the overwintering broods of the 
beetles in the bark; (a) by utilizing 
THE DYING HICKORY TREES 
