94 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
The cost of penetration bituminous work 
varies greatly with local conditions. Com- 
paring- the cost with a macadam of equal 
thickness, the increased cost of a tarvia 
macadam will vary from almost nothing 
to the cost of the tarvia, plus the cost of 
its application. The lower costs are ob- 
tained where tarvia is available hot, in 
tank wagons, from some central plant, and 
where the cost of the tarvia is offset by 
a saving- in screenings, rolling or quality 
of stone. The higher costs are obtained 
where the refined tar must be applied by 
slower hand methods, with a high freight 
rate, and when little saving can be effected 
in materials and labor. Even at the higher 
costs, the bituminous bound macadam is 
more economical, since a six-inch road is 
stronger and more durable than a seven or 
eight inch plain macadam. 
The ultimate surface produced on a tar- 
via macadam depends upon the details of 
construction, on the materials used and on 
the traffic. 
Under heavy traffic conditions, such as 
are met with in town streets and metropol- 
itan boulevards, the surface will in the end 
become smooth, resembling asphalt or tar 
concrete. Under cemetery conditions, how- 
ever, the surface, if so desired, may usually 
be kept rough with clean pea stone on the 
surface by regulating the amount of re- 
fined tar used in the seal coat and by giv- 
ing proper attention to the sizes of the 
stone. 
If a smooth surface is desired under 
light traffic, it is oftentimes necessary to 
SIMPLE FORMS 
There are many cities of five, ten, 
twenty-five and even sixty-five thousand 
population where the playground idea is 
just beginning to take hold and where no 
regular appropriation has yet been made 
for playground equipment and mainte- 
nance, furnished with all the up-to-date 
apparatus found in cities where there is a 
well established playground department. 
give a subsequent seal coat, with a lighter 
refined tar, like “Tarvia B,” followed by 
an application of sand or fine screenings. 
In any event, this seal coat should be de- 
ferred until the original surface has be- 
come quite firm and the pea stone or gravel 
used in finishing it well worked in, so that 
the surface voids are well filled. 
Mosaic top surfaces, where each stone 
shows on the surface, but does not project, 
giving the effect of a smooth concrete, are 
difficult to produce by the penetration 
method in cemetery work under light traf- 
fic. If desired, they may easily be formed 
by adopting the mixed method with proper 
stone sizes. Tarvia will be found ad- 
mirably adapted to this kind of work, and 
will give uniform and satisfactory results. 
The mixed work is generally confined to a 
two-inch surfacing layer, laid over a rolled 
stone base. Where foundation conditions 
are difficult, a four-inch concrete base may 
be substituted. 
The cost of mixed work is considerably 
in excess of penetration work. On small 
jobs' it is safe to figure 25 cents a square 
yard for the labor of hand mixing. On 
large areas, using mixing machines, the 
labor cost of mixing can be reduced to 8 
or 10 cents a square yard. 
The treatment of road surfaces already 
in use presents a variety of phases vary- 
ing from a simple surface treatment with 
cold materials, at small expense, to a com- 
plete reconstruction with new stones along 
the lines already considered. The modi- 
fications permissible in this reconstruction 
By Edward M. Swiggett, Superin- 
tendent of Parks, Utica, N. Y. 
A representative of such a city asked me 
if it was not possible to equip a simple 
playground at a moderate cost where the 
children could have a good time and 
which would get the public generally in- 
terested in having a regular city play- 
ground department. My reply was yes, 
and I propose here to give some ideas 
as to how this may be done. 
work are mainly in the direction of re- 
ducing the layer of new stone to the low- 
est possible limit. If the old road is a 
good macadam, well drained, the new stone 
may often be safely limited to two inches. 
It is best to break the crust of the old road 
by scarifying, harrow it to bring the old 
stone to the top, and re-roll it well before 
proceeding with the new stone. The new 
stone are rolled after placing and the bi- 
tuminous coatings proceeded with as on a 
new road. 
The true surface treatments, whether of 
cold or hot tarvia, should be limited to 
roads which are hard and firm, capable of 
upholding the traffic which goes upon them 
in all kinds of weather. The roads an- 
swering these conditions are not neces- 
sarily macadam roads, since good gravel 
roads can be successfully treated. The 
coatings produce a surface crust which 
lasts admirably as long as it is supported, 
but if the road beneath gives way, the 
crust and its advantages soon disappear. 
Tars for this purpose have great ad- 
vantages over the lighter oils for cemetery 
use, since they harden sufficiently within a 
few days, so that they no longer track off 
under either foot or vehicle traffic. The 
odor also disappears, leaving a clean, pleas- 
ing road in all kinds of weather. 
Experience has also shown that these 
surface treatments prevent the growth of 
weeds, saving much in the subsequent care 
of the road. Equally good results have 
been obtained in the surface treatment of 
footpaths. The cost of the treatment has 
been largely met by a reduced upkeep cost. 
In this city and others sites have been 
loaned from year to year by persons who 
had vacant lots either for sale or for 
which they had no other immediate use. 
An initial ground may often be secured 
in this way, although, when possible, it 
is always best to purchase a site near 
the center of population. 
If the lot is low it can be filled with 
ashes and other refuse, not garbage, to 
within six inches of the desired level, and 
often the local ash collector is glad to 
have such a place to dump, because it 
may save him a long haul. The top cov- 
ering of soil can sometime* be obtained 
from contractors doing excavation work 
on cellars or for the hauling from per- 
sons who are having cellars dug. Some- 
times a street is being paved and con- 
siderable excavated dirt may be obtained 
from the contractor who is doing the 
paving. 
A simple shelter building consisting of 
a frame and roof, and 30 by 15 feet in 
size, may be built, hemlock construction 
t'M. ± f/*//*. 
HOME-MADE FORM'S OF PLAYGROUND APPARATUS. 
OF PLAYGROUND APPARATUS 
