PARK AND CEMETERY. 
135 
The method of treatment when the 
wound is first inflicted is to carefully re- 
move all splintered and bruised portions, 
making a clean, smooth surface with the 
aid of chisel and mallet, treating with 
weak solution of creosote and a heavy 
coating of tar. The method of treating 
neglected wounds where disease and decay 
have gained a footing: With the gouge, 
chisel and mallet all diseased parts, no 
matter how extensive, are removed, also 
any heal of live wood which has a tendency 
of inward growth is shaved clean and 
smooth out to the last circular growth, 
making entire smooth edge to the open- 
ing. This is essentially important, because 
the heal will emerge from the cambium or 
outer circular growth. Following the re- 
moval of the diseased wood, a creosote 
treatment, followed by a heavy application 
of tar. After a time, when chance of de- 
cay has been entirely eradicated, the struc- 
tural wire and rods are adjusted, using 
horizontal rods of j4-in ch galvanized rods 
adjusted in sockets and fastened to gal- 
vanized wire, which are in turn fastened 
to staples driven a short distance into the 
body of the tree. After the network of 
wire has been secured the forms are ad- 
justed, such as will conform to the curva- 
ture of the tree using J /\- inch pine with 
retainers fastened around the tree. The 
cement is thus poured, using sand 3 , ce- 
ment 1 . It is advisable to tamp the mortar 
•so as to grout in all recesses'. The follow- 
ing day the cement will be sufficiently set 
to remove the forms and cut horizontal 
seams about 2 Inches in depth, about 18 
inches apart. This will permit a slight 
yielding with the sway of the tree. After 
the finish of cement and sand has been put 
on and troweled smooth, the seams are 
again cut out and smooth edged, care be- 
ing taken to have the cement inside of the 
contour and free from the outer live 
wood, so as to permit the heal to grow 
across, not only forming a guide, but form- 
ing a water and air-tight juncture. 
As prevention is better than a cure where 
trees show a tendency which is easily per- 
ceptible from a close observation of the 
burr-i tincture, an evidence of friction, often 
a split similar to a frost crack, the most 
effective remedy is to relieve the strain 
bv the aid of iron bolts at considerable 
distance above the fork, drawing the two 
branches together. The bolt of $4 inch 
should be inserted through holes bored 
with J^-inch bit, counter sinking for the 
nuts and washers at both ends. The hole 
and washer hole should be liberally daubed 
with tar, also the bolt and nut given an 
application. Care should be taken to have 
the ends of the bolts at least J4 inch in- 
side of the branches and the cavity filled 
with cement so as to permit a complete 
heal on the outer sides. 
Another opportunity for attacks of dis- 
ease is the improper cutting of a limb from 
the trunk. The limbs should be cut clean 
and as close to the trunk as possible, with- 
out skinning the remaining tissue, giving 
an immediate application of tar. Special 
saws with thin backs', on the style of the 
carpenter’s circular, of sword taper shape, 
are used. 
Among the other trees are a great num- 
ber of American elms ( Ulmus americana ) 
of stately growth and comparatively ex- 
cellent condition, although some are af- 
fected with Slim flux, resulting from im- 
proper cutting away of branches and im- 
proper treatment subsequently. The sap, 
of a decided sour smell, has permitted a 
parasitic fungus to attack the wound, with 
the result that a slimy, dripping mass 
spreads downward, killing the under bark 
or cambium, thus rapidly spreading decay 
and death. The remedy is vigorous ap- 
plication of chisel and mallet to remove all 
decay and refilling of cavity with cement. 
Another frequent cause for disease and 
insect attacks is the careless bumping and 
scarring with the lawn mower, both hand 
and horse mower. The continual bruising 
and skinning around the base of young 
trees result in the wood structure imme- 
diately affected dying, no matter how skil- 
fully treated, and in frequent cases admit- 
ting borers, which are hard to eradicate be- 
fore great or fatal damage has been done. 
The use of ordinary paint on saw cuts 
and wounds is very disastrous, permitting 
disease and decay to extend into the tree 
structure. This is particularly noticable 
on sugar maples, Norways and other trees 
which have great tendency to bleed. Tar 
is a preservative, germicide, weather-proof 
and durable, and should always be used. 
As trees grow larger and older contin- 
ual care is a great necessity to conserve 
beauty and symmetry as well as to regu- 
late the proper balance, restricting the 
strain of outward weight, freedom of each 
branch to prevent crowding, cutting off 
light and air, to protect a tree from con- 
tinuing with more laterals than can be 
properly supported. However, early train- 
ing, as with a child, makes a lasting goal. 
Pruning is necessary to formulate the def- 
inite purposes mentioned above, whether to 
prevent crowding, disease, borers, evidences 
of strain, etc. 
In cemetery work a somewhat different 
condition exists, as a tree sometimes grows 
out with unconscious pride, overshadowing 
some monumental resting place which re- 
quires sacrifice and partial disfigurement of 
some noble specimen. 
The pruning of shrubs is a matter which 
receives careful attention, maintaining the 
rule of eliminating the old wood as soon as 
the flowering season is over. Thus the 
Forsvtheas Deutzias, Philadelphus, Spireas 
Weigelas lead off in the late spring, fol- 
lowed by the later flowering varieties, 
lastly the Althaeas and Hydrangeas. The 
method employed is to encourage the 
growth from the base ; thus each year the 
second and third year wood will be cut 
out, keeping the shrubs low, compact, pre- 
venting overgrown, shapeless mass. 
With evergreens, especially various Juni- 
perus, Retinospora, Thuyas and Buxus, a 
shearing is given at least once in two years, 
usually atfer the rank spring growth has 
been made. The shearing retains the sym- 
metry and strengthens the branches against 
heavy, wet snowfalls and sleet storms. 
With various conifer and pine, the syste- 
matic pruning of lateral branches or rub- 
bing off the terminal lateral bud early in 
spring, gives a dense, compact growth. 
The chief object of a cemetery is 1 the 
resting place of our deceased ; moreover, it 
sometimes happens trees or shrubs are oc- 
cupying the ground and the tree has to be 
removed by a specially built tree-moving 
machine. Trees of almost any size are 
successfully moved and used to beautify 
new or unused portions of the cemetery. 
The machine will lift a ball of earth 6'd 
by 3 depth without the aid of freezing 
weather with three men. The greatest time 
is consumed in digging around and pre- 
paring. The actual lifting, transporting 
and replanting can be done in less than an 
hour. After the trees are moved a thor- 
ough root pruning and limb pruning is prac- 
ticed. If the condition of the soil is dry, 
hard or lump, puddling is practiced, with 
an addition of well-rotted manure. Pud- 
dling compels the soil to return to natural 
strata, retaining the nitrogen, eliminating 
voids or air strata which are fatal to 
newly planted trees. After the planting is 
completed a mulching is placed on the sur- 
face, remaining at least the first year. 
One of the most prevalent causes of the 
unhealthy appearance of some of the older 
trees is that they are suffering from root 
suffocation and starvation. Most everyone 
is familiar with the soft, porous condition 
of the woodland or forest floor. The fibrous 
feeding rootlets are very near the sur- 
face, where they have free access to oxy- 
gen and nitrogen, also the protection of the 
fallen leaves in summer and winter, as well 
as a regular food supply. The continual 
tramping and tracking of the lawn mower 
renders the soil hard and non-porous, thus 
eliminating proper water supply, and the 
cleaning up of all fallen leaves eliminates 
food supply. To partly overcome this con- 
dition, soil tilling and manure fertilizing 
utilized, even on a restricted scale, aid 
materially. 
Other causes of various unhealthy as- 
pects are the numerous insect pests. The 
trees in a cemetery present a singularly 
difficult problem in their battle with insects 
and diseases. The many expensive me- 
morials and mausoleums of granite cannot 
be injured by the use of oil solutions. The 
use of lime-sulphur and salt are, however, 
lion-injurious; also sulphate of copper or 
arsenate of lead can be used. 
Among the leaf-eating pests given most 
attention are the elm beetle ( Galerucella 
luteola), bog worm ( Thyridoptheryx ephe- 
