PARK AND CEMETERY. 
211 
The food plants of the scale are numer- 
ous, the most important being the soft ma- 
ple, linden, box elder, elm, oak, willow, 
poplar, beech, hawthorn, sycamore, locust, 
hackberry, osage-orange, mulberry, grape, 
poison ivy, Virginia creeper, rose, goose- 
berry, currant, peach, plum, pear and apple. 
In dealing with the insect, state the en- 
tomology experts of the Department of 
Agriculture, it is necessary to consider in 
each case the advisability of artificial means 
of controlling it. In . some localities the 
natural enemies of this pest have clone very 
efficient work, making in many cases appli- 
cations of remedies inadvisable. The Illi- 
nois Experimental Station states that the 
scale appears in great numbers at intervals 
of eight or ten years. 
The infested trees, advises the depart- 
ment, can be treated during the dormant 
season with a strong solution of kerosene 
emulsion without any injury to the trees. 
This emulsion used at 25 per cent or more 
in strength, or whale-oil soap at the rate 
of one pound to a gallon of water, has been 
reported to be very effective in killing the 
scales hit by the spray. 
In spraying during the period when the 
trees are in foliage a weaker solution must 
necessarily be used. It is not safe to use 
kerosene emulsion stronger than a 10 to 12 
per cent oil, and even at this strength there 
might be a slight injury to the foliage. It 
has been demonstrated that a single appli- 
cation of a 10 per cent kerosene emulsion 
applied at the proper time in summer will 
destroy about two-thirds of the recently 
hatched insects, and two applications, one 
applied at the middle and the other at the 
end of the hatching period, will destroy 
four-fifths of them. 
The young insects of the scale hatch dur- 
ing the months of June, July and August 
and migrate to the foliage, where they set- 
tle along the midribs and veins, always pre- 
ferring the under surface. The male larvae, 
when fully mature, assume a propupal state 
from which they later pass to the true pupal 
stage with a pinkish hue. Shortly after, the 
winged males appear, but remain beneath 
the scale for two or three days before 
emerging. At the beginning of the flow of 
sap in early spring the female grows rap- 
idly. 
Utah. 
A large number of trees, especially the 
ash, Lombary poplar and lilac bushes, etc , 
are infested with the oyster shellbark lice, 
forming a crust nearly the color of the 
bark and therefore not so easily detected, 
a pernicious scale, crusting the underside of 
the limb and branches with a grayish coat. 
These are the only insects we have to 
combat in our shade trees. Our roses are 
liable to mildew, a white coat appearing on 
the leaves and stopping respiration and 
damaging the plants. Slugs sometimes in- 
fest plants and trees, considerable damage 
being done. Aphis lice, green or black, 
and also the woolly aphis on apple trees 
are quite troublesome. 
Ants are often a nuisance in our gar- 
den and cut worms may cause very much 
damage. Experience has taught us the 
remedy to use in order to successfully fight 
these pests and we have found the follow- 
ing to be of great value: 
Copper solution: For blight and mildew: Use 
1 pound copper sulphate, blue vitriol, 1 gal. water. 
Suspend in sack at bottom of water in barrel. 
Keep in air tight jars. This forms the stock so- 
lution. Slack lime, 5 pounds with 4 gallons of 
hot water and add water to make ■‘50 gallons. Add 
this through a strainer to the stock and add water 
sufficient to make 45 gallons. Use when trees 
are in foliage. Use same solution in winter but 
without lime. Used for mildew on roses, etc., 
when in foliage. 
Copper Carbonate Solution: Use copper carbon- 
ate, 5 ounces, ammonia 4 pints, water 45 gallons. 
Make paste of carbonate with a little water. Di- 
lute ammonia with 3 gallons of water and add the 
paste and stir until mixed sufficient with water to 
make 45 gallons. Use on tender plants, etc. Also 
for mildew on any plants. Potassium, use 1 
ounce, water 2 gallons and mix. Spray several 
times, especially for roses under glass. 
Kerosene Emulsion: Use soap, 1 pound, kerosene 
2 gallons, hot water 1 gallon. Boil soap and 
water until mixed, add kerosene and pump back 
and forth through pumps until mixed to a cream. 
Dilute wjth 10 times as much water. In this mix- 
ture milk is preferable to water. For sucking in- 
sects, (scale and aphis). 
Lime and Sulphur: Sulphur (Utah non-granulat- 
ing) 15 pounds, fresh unslacked lime, 30 pounds 
and water, 45 gallons or 1 barrel. Place lime in 
large vessel and sulphur in another. Pour 2 gal- 
lons of boiling water and stir until a paste. Pour 
over lime S gallons of boiling water and add sul- 
phur paste. Stir and slack all this together. Boil 
briskly until chocolate brown i,n color and add hot 
water until barrel is full 45 gallons. Strain and 
apply. Best and only effective winter spray for 
all insect eggs, worms and scales. 
Spray mixture for tree diseases: For apple worm 
use 1 pound Paris green and 150 gallons water. 
To prevent burning add 1 pound lime, fresh 
slacked. Make paste of green and mix and stir in 
water. Used for all eating insects. 
White arsenic: White arsenic, 1 pound; wash- 
ing soda. 4 pounds; water, 2 gallons. Boil to- 
gether until dissolved to make the stock solution, 
add of this stock 2 quarts and 2 pounds of freshly 
slacked lime to 50 gallons of water. Or lead 
arsenic, 6 pounds; water, 120 gallons. Mix cold. 
For slugs: dry ashes or air slacked lime, or both 
mixed. Scatter on trees and plants to kill slugs. 
For cut worms: Mix teaspoonful of Paris green 
with a quart of bran and put on ground around 
the plants. 
For ants: Carbon bisulphide soaked in pieces 
of cotton rags and put into the ant hills. 
N. Byhower, 
Superintendent of Parks. 
Salt Lake City. 
Spraying Suggestions. 
Spraying in parks or cemeteries is not 
dfferent in principle from that followed 
in orchard spraying. Strong spraying ma- 
chinery, however, would be necessary in 
the case of higher trees. Two or three 
firms make a specialty of building power 
outfits for use on high trees. 
Park spraying naturally divides itself into 
winter spraying and summer spraying. 
During the dormant season scale washes 
are used for the destruction of any scale 
insects present, and summer work is largely 
confined to application of arsenicals to 
foliage for the destruction of leaf-feeding 
insects. A. L. Quaintance, 
Bureau of Entomology. 
Washington, D. C. 
Texas and Southwest. 
Texas and the Southern states are one 
great hibernating place for all insect pests, 
as this warm climate is as an incubator 
for them. We find the following insects 
that abound here throughout the state of 
Texas and also Louisiana. 
The most injurious and common pests 
found in pecan orchards are the pecan case 
bearer, pecan catola, pecan bud worm, and 
a large variety of caterpillars, which not 
only defoliate the trees, but also do direct 
injury to the nut itself. 
The oaks — all of them — are attacked by 
the oak borer, oak pruner, oak-leaf pruner, 
oak beetle, oak-leaf gall, twig borer and 
girdler, oyster shell scale, also San Jose 
scale and leaf blister mite. 
The elms : The white variety is attacked 
mostly on account of the sweet sap. The 
shot-hole borer is very bad here, also the 
elm-leaf beetle, oyster shell scale, scurfy 
scale, elm borer, gypsy moth and elm twig 
borer. The box elders, hackberries, pop- 
lars, cottonwoods, all are infested with 
common borers and oyster shell scale. 
Fig trees have for the last three years 
suffered a great deal and it is a discour- 
aging proposition to raise them. The fol- 
lowing diseases and insect pests prevail : 
Fig anthacnose, fig canker, fig limb blight, 
rust, soft rot, die back of twigs, leaf spot 
and nematode root galls, fig borer. 
The maples, as far as they have been 
raised here, are a sorry looking lot, as the 
hot sun bleaches out the leaves. The ma- 
ple borer, oyster shell scale and woolly 
maple bark louse are their destroyers. 
Attention has never been thought of un- 
til here of late years. The past three years 
I have been continually urging the people 
through the newspapers and warning them 
to take care of their trees. I am the first 
one that ever came to Texas with tree 
work. The pecan trees that abounded here 
in plenty years ago were ruthlessly cut 
down and burned upon the place to make 
room for cotton growing. 
The sprays I use for the insects are 
mostly those for sap-sucking insects in 
fall, such as oyster shellbark louse or 
scale, San Jose scale, shothole borer, lime 
and sulphur solution. Fall remedy : One 
part solution to 40 gallons water, just be- 
fore the eggs hatch, to kill the young. The 
eggs hatch after the leaves are out. For 
the various scales in spring : One part 
solution to eight parts of water, while the 
trees are dormant. For the various leaf- 
eating insects : Arsenate of lead, 15 per 
cent, 3 to 6 pounds to 50 gallons of water : 
whenever these insects are in sufficient 
number to be destructive. For fungi : 
Copper sulphate, iron sulphate, j /2 pound 
to 5 gallons of water and accordingly. 
Also lime and sulphur solution, one part 
to eight parts of water. This pertains only 
to shade trees. O. P. Dahlken. 
Dallas, Tex. 
