/’ A R K A N D 
CEMETERY. 
213 
NO. 5. FELLING LARGE TREES AFTER DYNAMITING. 
NO. 6. DYNAMITING A LARGE STUMP. 
of brook and trench work for drains, water 
pipes, etc. The top soil, of course, was 
stripped from the areas to be occupied by 
roads, paths and other structures, and also 
from such parts of the lawns as were to 
be raised or lowered. This top soil was 
piled in convenient places, awaiting the 
time when the grading of lawns, etc., was 
completed and the surface ready for its 
final distribution. It happened here as in 
every other case with which the w'riter is 
familiar, that although theoretically there 
should be a surplus of loam amounting to 
the quantity taken from the roads and 
paths, there was not quite as much as 
could be desired, and economy and care 
were needed to make it go round. 
The grading of roads and paths was a 
comparatively small item, considering 
quantity only, owing to the care with which 
the roads were designed to fit the ground 
and placed where easy grades and curves 
could be had with very little earth work, 
thanks to the carefully made topograph- 
ical plan to work from ; but it was the part 
that required the most care and skill on 
account of the strict demands for accuracy 
in grade, alignment, crowning, etc., to 
which reference will be made later. More 
formidable was the grading of lawns, both 
along the edges of the roads to make them 
join the grades of the latter and in places 
where humps and hollows made some 
changes desirable. 
Some low places, apt to retain water, 
were filled, but some rather extensive de- 
pressions were left, as their filling would 
represent a serious immediate outlay for 
grading. 
According to the nature of the ground, a 
catch basin was built at the lowest place 
and connected to the drains, or the porosity 
of the ground was left to take care of the 
water unaided. In course of time these 
depressions may be filled with surplus ma- 
terial from other parts of the cemetery, 
cellars, graves, etc. 
A surprisingly large item in the grading 
was the filling in of holes left by the 
taking out of stumps. They formed de- 
positing grounds for all the fill that could 
readily be procured, and their final surfac- 
ing was the main cause of the dwindling 
of the loam pile. 
The bulk of the excavation came from 
the deepening of a brook running length- 
wise through the cemetery and forming the 
main outlet for all surface drainage, which 
will be described later. 
Originally the brook ran in a very slight 
depression, in places hardly noticeable ; but, 
of course, the deeper it was cut the better 
the drainage and the less area along the 
brook would be unfit for use as burial lots. 
Besides, as at times there is a consider- 
able flow, it is desirable to have as much 
head room as possible in the culverts or 
bridges under the roads. 
A general plan of the cemetery, which 
will appear in a later number, shows the 
brook and several widenings forming 
ponds, made both for the sake of appear- 
ance and for storage of water during the 
minimum flow. So, altogether, the brook 
work counted up the most in cubic yards. 
As to methods of grading, then, there is 
nothing remarkable to relate; with no very 
long hauls, scrapers and wagons were suf- 
ficient to take care of all problems. 
(To be continued. ) 
New Cemeteries and Improvements 
Wethersfield, 111., has voted to issue bonds 
for the purchase of additional ground for 
the Wethersfield Cemetery. The tract is 
situated directly south of the present cem- 
etery and contains five acres. 
Oakland Cemetery, Little Rock, Ark., is 
erecting new entrance gates. Recently the 
board made elaborate preparations for the 
improvement of the cemetery. W. G. 
Cummings, a landscape gardener, has been 
busy for some time terracing the grounds 
and straightening the monuments. James 
Lawson is secretary of the board. 
The new gate to Mt. Olivet Cemetery, 
Pineville, La., has been completed by the 
contractors, the Hudson Construction Co. 
The gate is a wrought iron double gate 
with bronze locks and bearing the name 
of the cemetery in a circle across the main 
gate. The double gates are five feet wide, 
making an opening for the driveway of ten 
feet. The two side gates are each four 
feet wide. 
NO. 4. CHARACTER OF TREE GROWTH, SHOWING UNDESIRABLE 
SHAPES OF TREES. 
