216 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
before the larvae hatch from the eggs with 
an internal poison. Any arsenides will do 
the business, but arsenate of lead is the 
best. The solution should contain about 
25 to 30 pounds to 100 gallons of water. 
A good rule to follow in determining the 
amount of arsenate to use is to use just 
enough. 
In addition to spraying with arsenical 
poison, it is well to encourage citizens and 
school children to collect and destroy the 
cocoons, and the caterpillars which form 
in nests or tents can be destroyed by clip- 
ping oft" the branch upon which they gather 
and burn the insects, or they can be burned 
on the tree by using a torch and thus 
cremating the pest. The following firms 
make good arsenate of lead : Sherwin 
Williams Paint Co., Dow Chemical Co. 
The suckling insects are combated by ap- 
plying contact poisons or solutions. Of 
all the chemicals and manufactured articles 
advertised, I prefer to use just two, the 
lime and sulphur solution, to be applied 
while the trees are dormant, and the kero- 
sene emulsion, to be used while the plants 
are in leaf. The kerosene to be an 8 or 
12 per cent solution made by using Tak- 
a-Nap soap. The lime and sulphur solu- 
tion to be an 18 or 20 per cent solution. 
Lime and sulphur is sold by the same firms 
mentioned above. 
Where the borers are present in large 
numbers on a short lived tree, 1 would 
rernove the tree in the fall or early spring. 
If it is a hard wood, long lived tree, and 
one to which sentiment is attached, or a 
young tree of any variety, have the borers 
grubbed out or inject bisulphide of car- 
bon into the burrows of the borer, then 
plug it up with putty. This compound 
volitalizes and the fumes are deathly poi- 
sonous. 
We use the Hardie Triplex Power 
sprayer, an efficient and powerful outfit, 
which can be handled by any park laborer 
with ordinary intelligence. The engine has 
an upright action, sets above the rear axle 
of the truck, thus preventing all jarring 
and jerking of the truck. We have two 
of these power sprayers, which we have 
used three years, our repair expense in 
that time being exceedingly small, and 
three different $2 per day employees have 
operated the outfit after one day’s help and 
instruction. We run only two lines of 
hose, although four can be run. One line 
works in the tree and the other from the 
tower, as shown in our report of 1912. In 
the summer we sprayed to kill the Tus- 
sock Moth and in winter to kill the Scale 
insects. 
PROTECTION OF STREET TREES 
From Report of Newark, N. J Shade Tree Commission. 
To be responsible for 60,000 street trees 
distributed over an area of 17.00 square 
miles (the area of Newark is 23.40 square 
miles, but about 6.40 square miles is unde- 
veloped meadow) is no light responsibility. 
It’s a big enough job to “care for” such a 
stand of forestry. But consider also the 
need these trees have of protection. That 
need is manifold. To say nothing of de- 
structive insects, there are other agencies 
yet more destructive and more difficult to 
control. As injuriously affecting both old 
and young trees, there are the thoughtless 
small boy, the runaway horse, the ruthless 
driver, the occasional ruffian ; there are the 
layers of gas, sewer and water pipes and 
electric wire conduits ; there are pavers and 
sidewalk layers who surreptitiously cut the 
roots, and builders who bruise and maim 
the trunk; there are overhead wires and 
underground gas leaks, both illuminating 
and sewer gas; and there are — others. No 
child’s play to protect 60,000 street trees 
from all these. Yet the job was under- 
taken, and from year to year it comes 
nearer and nearer to full accomplishment. 
Conditions are improving and will further 
improve if only we “keep everlastingly at 
it.” 
Gas, ladies and gentlemen,, illuminating 
gas, is all right in its place, but it’s all 
wrong out of its place — and sure that’s 
true of all of us, but never mind; gas is 
now the topic. Well, then, gas is very 
much out of place when it comes a-leaking 
from defective sub-surface pipes and pro- 
ceeds to impregnate the soil, poison the 
roots and thus kill the trees. And that is 
what sometimes happens — happens too many 
times indeed. Here in Newark, for in- 
stance, we have “rounded up,” in the last 
two years, some 300 trees that had been 
poisoned to death in this manner. We have 
told in a former report how we proceeded 
to bring the gas company to task in this 
matter, and how the company agreed to 
pay the cost in each case of “taking down 
the dead tree and setting out a live tree 
RESULT OF HORSE BITES. 
instead.” The city has been reimbursed to 
the extent of several thousand dollars for 
the loss of these gas-destroyed trees, the 
money thus collected going to the removing 
of the old trees and the setting out of new 
trees to take their places. 
We again point out that the mere “cost 
of taking down the dead tree and setting out 
a new one in its stead” does not begin to be 
adequate compensation for the injury done. 
The company needs to be mulcted in good, 
sizable, thumping damages to rouse them to 
sufficient zeal in preventing leaks. 
The city tree on the street has many 
needs that its brother on the lawn knows 
not of, as likewise its cousin in the coun- 
try. Among these is the need of protection 
against the bitings of the festive horse. To 
the average horse the bark of a tree is a 
toothsome morsel and this good old friend 
of man can in a short while put a bite in 
the bark that will work sad havoc to the 
tree. The picture will show. That ugly 
cavity is what comes in time of horse bites. 
The wood is made bare of its protecting 
bark. The weather gets in its work, the rain, 
the dew, I he dirt, the tree bacteria and so 
on. Decay sets in. The wood rots, and the 
rot spreads wider and wider and sinks deeper 
and deeper. In time the ghastly spectacle 
of the picture is realized. Pitiful, isn’t it? 
Meanwhile and incidentally the cambium 
layer of cells in that part of the tree thus 
wounded has been destroyed and, of course, 
the nutritive processes of the tree have to 
that extent become deranged. 
For a few dimes we could have safe- 
guarded that tree absolutely from the 
horse’s teeth. A cheap wire guard would 
have done it. This would cost at retail 
about 35 cents. For the older trees a wire 
screen on the side of the tree toward the 
roadway would suffice. This should be of 
half-inch mesh galvanized wire, No. 16. 
The Washington methods of protecting 
street trees against horse biting is simple 
and inexpensive, also just. There a driver 
who allows his horse to stand where that 
horse can chew a tree is arrested and, upon 
conviction, fined $10. This procedure has 
become just pure matter-of-course in Wash- 
ington. 
Progress has been made in the observ- 
