This Type of Guard should be main- 
tained around all trees during 
building operations 
Rigid Wooden Guard to Protect Tree and Wire Guard 
at least 6 ft. high 
PAGE FROM NEWARK TREE PRO- 
TECTION CIRCULAR. 
During the past two years a keen inter- 
est has been taken by the general public in 
the care and preservation of trees. We 
are hoping for a continued growth in in- 
terest, for we still have many enemies to 
conquer. 
The three different types of insects have 
been busy getting in their destructive work 
that has in many instances proven disas- 
trous. 
Borers perhaps have given us most 
trouble, working principally in the oaks 
and birches. To prevent further infec- 
tion 5,000 dead or dying oaks were cut 
and burned on park property during the 
year of 1912. Half that number have suc- 
cumbed to the ravages of these pests this 
year. 
The white, flat-headed grubs of the two- 
lined chestnut borers (Agrilus bilineatus ) 
have perhaps killed more oaks than any 
other species, so far as is known. The 
eggs are laid in the crevices of the bark, 
the grub hatches and burrows into the 
cambrinm or growing layer. By crossing 
and interlacing the tree is girdled and dies. 
Borers usually work from the base of the 
tree to the smaller limbs. The bronze 
birch borer ( Agrilus auxins'), however, 
generally attacks the upper branches first 
and works toward the lower trunk. Fifty 
cut leaf and pendulous birches were found 
infested during the past year and were de- 
stroyed. 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
ance of the shade tree ordinance. There 
was an increased measure of police co- 
operation. The number of people has 
grown who have familiarized themselves 
with the ordinance and co-operate in its 
support. Detriment to trees from building- 
operations has decreased and such opera- 
tions are more under our control. 
Here, as often elsewhere, lack of knowl- 
edge was to be overcome. The police offi- 
cer would not know that such and such 
an act was harmful or even illegal. The 
mechanic (builders, sidewalk men, pavers, 
plumbers) piled building bricks against the 
trunks, cut the roots, and in other respects 
maltreated trees, “not knowing.” Accord- 
ingly we issued a circular to make two pro- 
visions so clear that the simplest could 
understand. We sent a copy to each po- 
liceman. A number have co-operated ever 
since upon their own initiative ; others aid 
when this department calls on them. We 
believe the circular made co-operation more 
instant and intelligent. Then our repre- 
sentations to the builders by interviews and 
correspondence have borne fruit. These 
methods, while they take time at the start, 
give the man who does not read the or- 
dinance an object lesson. He learns that 
the city says, “Thou shalt not,” when ag- 
gression on a tree is planned. 
Perhaps the most serious pest of the 
American elm in Minnesota is the white 
footless elm borer ( Saperda tridentata). 
Diseased areas of the bark on the trunk 
of a tree are generally sure signs that 
borers are present. 
Other borers found in greater or less 
abundance are the common flat-headed 
borer ( Chrysobothris femorata), the rus- 
tic borer, and grubs of the Thunderbolt 
beetle ( Arhopalus fulminaus ) . 
The rustic borer ( Xylotrechus colonus) 
has always been found with the two-lined 
chestnut borer in oaks, but working in the 
pithy layer. Its ravages are not confined 
to the oak, however; it enjoys the hard 
maples, box elders, lindens and elms equal- 
ly well. The only effective method so far 
found of preventing further infection of 
trees and wiping out the borer is to destroy 
the already infested trees. 
Among the biting insects the larva of 
snow white linden moth ( Ennomos subsig- 
narius ) produced disastrous despoilation. 
American elms, lindens and ashes were 
equally attacked in large tracts, not on 
park property, but in our vicinity. They 
were so numerous in some infected areas 
that the dropping of the excrement sound- 
ed like rain on the leaves of the under- 
growth. 
The sucking insects of this section are 
elm leaf louse ( Gossparia ttlmi), plant lice 
( Mysus ribis), and the cottony maple 
217 
We, therefore, readily assure our- 
selves that we can count on your 
cordial co-operation in this matter 
of protecting the trees of Newark. 
Newark Shade Tree Commission 
Temporary Wooden Guard— 6 ft. hljh 
PAGE FROM NEWARK TREE PRO- 
TECTION CIRCULAR. 
NORTHWEST 
( Pulvinaria innumerabilis) , scurfy ( Chio - 
naspis furfurus), and the oyster shell bark 
scales ( Mytilaspis pomorum) . All of these 
were found on the American elm, box 
elder and soft maple. They begin to at- 
tract attention late in May or the early 
part of June. 
Fortunately there has been little need for 
the spraying of trees on park property, 
though some was done in the street trees 
to control both sucking and biting insects. 
Two applications of the universal kerosene 
emulsion (contact spray, effective with all 
sucking insects) was necessary to obtain 
results with the elm leaf louse and scale 
insects. Sherwin Williams’ arsenate of 
lead (a poison effective with all biting in- 
sects), used in the proportion of three 
pounds to fifty gallons of water, controlled 
the lar vse of the linden moths on street 
trees ; also sticky bands were used to check 
this pest where it occurred in extensive 
areas. 
Sherwin Williams’ arsenate of lead may 
be had from any dealer carrying Sherwin 
Williams’ paints. 
The kerosene emulsion is made by dis- 
solving one-half pound soap in one gallon 
water; while still hot remove from fire and 
add two gallons of kerosene. The liquid 
is then pumped back into itself until a 
creamy mass results. Dilute with 10 to 15 
gallons of water for lice and scale. 
SHADE TREE PESTS OF THE 
From the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 
