PARK AND CEMETERY. 
219 
Pamphlet L 7-2. Care of the Woodlot. 
Pamphlet T 8-1. Our Common Woods: How to Tell 
Them and their Uses. 
Other Pamphlets are in preparation and will be 
announced later. 
The following quotations and plates from 
Pamphlet T 3-1, on “Insects Injurious to 
Trees and How to Combat Them,” will be 
of particular interest to our readers : 
In a general way, trees are attacked by three 
classes of insects, and the remedy to be employed 
in each case depends upon the class to which the 
insect belongs. The three classes of insects are: 
1. Those that chew and swallow some portion 
of the leaf; as, for example, the elm leaf beetle, 
and the tussock, gypsy, and brown-tail moths. 
2. Those that suck the plant juices from the 
leaf or bark ; such as the San Jose scale, oyster- 
shell, and scurfy scales, the cottony maple scale 
and the woolly maple-leaf scale on the sugar 
maples and the various aphides on the beech. 
Norway maple, etc. 
3. Those that bore inside of the wood or inner 
bark. The principal members of this class are the 
lepoard moth, the hickory-bark borer, the sugar- 
maple borer, the elm borer, and the bronze-birch 
borer. 
The chewing insects are destro 3 T ed by spraying 
the leaves with arsenate of lead or Paris green. 
The insects feed upon the poisoned foliage and 
thus are themselves poisoned. 
The sucking insects are killed by a contact 
poison: that is, by spraying or washing the affected 
parts of the tree with a solution which acts ex- 
ternally on the bodies of the insects, smothering 
or stifling them. The standard solutions for this 
purpose are kerosene emulsion, soap and water, 
tobacco extract, or lime sulphur. 
The boring insects are eliminated by cutting 
out the insect with a knife, by injecting carbon 
bisulphide into the burrow and clogging the orifice 
immediately after injection with putty or soap, 
or in some cases where the tree is hopelessly in- 
fested, by cutting down and burning the entire 
tree. 
For information regarding the one of these three 
classes to which any particular insect belong, and 
for specific instructions on the application of a 
remedy, the reader is advised to write to his 
State Entomologist or to the U. S. Bureau of 
Entomology at Washington, D. C. The letter 
should state the name of the tree effected, to- 
gether with the character of the injury, and should 
be accompanied by a specimen of the insect, or by 
a piece of the affected leaf or bark, preferably by 
both. The advice received will be authentic and 
will be given without charge. 
When to spray: In the case of chewing insects, 
the latter part of May is the time to spray. The 
caterpillars hatch from their eggs, and the elm 
leaf beetle leaves its winter quarters at that 
time. In the case of sucking insects, the instruc- 
tions will have to be more specific, depending upon 
the particular insect in question. Some sucking 
insects can best be handled in early June when 
their young emerge, others can be effectively 
treated in the fall or winter when the trees are 
dormant. 
How to spray: Thoroughness is the essential 
principle in all spraying. In the case of leaf- 
eating insects, this means covering every leaf 
with the poison and applying it to the under side 
of the leaves, where the insects generally feed. 
In the case of sucking insects, thoroughness means 
an effort to touch every insect with the spray. It 
should be borne in mind that the insect can be 
killed only when hit with the chemical. The 
solution should be well stirred, and should be ap- 
plied by means of a nozzle that will coat every 
leaf with a fine, mist-like spray. Mere drenching 
or too prolonged an application will cause the solu- 
tion to run off. Special precautions should be 
taken with contact poisons to see that the formula 
is correct. Too strong a solution will burn the 
foliage and tender bark. 
Spraying apparatus: There are various forms of 
spraying apparatus in the market, including small 
knapsack pumps, barrel hand-pumps, and gaso- 
lene and gas-power sprayers. Hose and nozzles are 
essential accessories. One-half inch, three-ply hose 
of the best quality is necessary to stand the 
heavy pressure and wear. Two 50-foot lengths is 
the usual quantity required for use with a barrel 
hand-pump. Each line of hose should be supplied 
with a bamboo pole 10 feet long, having a brass 
tube passed through it to carry the nozzle. The 
Vermorel nozzle is the best type to use. The cost 
t< e. THE GIPSY MOTH (FROM CIRC. 21, N. Y. STATE DEPT. 
P GRICULTURE.) 
male Laying Eggs; 2, Eggs, enlarged; 3, Caterpillar; 4, Pupa; 5, 
Si le Moth; S, Male Moth. 
FIG. 7. THE BROWN TAIL MOTH (FROM CIRC. 20, N. Y. STATE 
DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE.) 
1, Egg Cluster; 2, Young Caterpillar; 3 Winter Nest; 4, Caterpillar in 
Spring; 5, Nature caterpillars; 6 Pupa; 7, Female Moth. 
