220 
of a barrel outfit, including two lines of hose and 
nozzles, should be from $25 to $35. Power spray- 
ers cost from $150 to $300 or more. 
Spraying material: Arsenate of lead should be 
used in the proportion of 4 pounds of the chemical 
to 50 gallons of water. A brand of arsenate of 
lead containing at least 14 per cent of arsenic 
oxide should be insisted upon. This spray may 
be used successfully against caterpillars and other 
leaf-eating insects' in the spring or summer. 
Whale-oil soap should be used at the rate of 
2 pounds of the soap to one gallon of hot water, 
if applied to the tree in winter. As a spray in 
summer, use one pound of the soap to five gallons 
of water. This treatment is useful for sucking 
insects. 
Kerosene emulsion consists of one-half pound of 
hard soap, one gallon of boiling water, and two 
gallons of kerosene. It may be obtained i,n pre- 
pared form and is then to be used at the rate of 
one part of the solution to nine parts of water 
when applied in winter or to the bark only in 
summer. Use two gallons of the solution to a 40- 
gallon barrel of water when applying it to the 
leaves in the summer. Kerosene emulsion is useful 
as a treatment for scale insects. 
Tobacco water should be prepared by steeping 
one-half pound of tobacco stems or leaves in a 
gallon of boiling water and later diluting the 
product with 5 to 10 gallons of water. It is par- 
ticularly useful for plant lice in the summer. 
THE ELM LEAF BEETLE. 
Life history: The elm beetle is annually caus- 
ing the defoliation of thousands of elm trees 
throughout the United States. Several successive 
defoliations are liable to kill a tree. The insects 
pass the winter in the beetle form, hiding them- 
selves in attics and wherever else they can secure 
shelter. In the middle of May when the buds of 
the elm trees unfold, the beetles emerge from 
their winter quarters, mate, and commence eating 
the leaves, thus producing little holes through 
them. While this feeding is going on, the females 
deposit little, bright yellow eggs on the under 
side of the leaves, which soon hatch into small 
larvae or grubs. The grubs then eat away the 
soft portion of the leaf, causing it to look like 
Iacework. The grubs become full grown in twenty 
days, crawl down to the base of the tree, and 
there transform into naked, orange-colored pupae. 
This occurs in the early part of August. After 
remaining in the pupa stage about a week, they 
change into beetles again, which either begin feed- 
ing or go to their winter quarters. 
Remedies: There are three ways of combating 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
this insect: First, by spraying the foliage with 
arsenate of lead in the latter part of May while 
the beetles are feeding, and repeating the spraying 
in June when the larvae emerge. The spraying 
method is the one most to be relied on in fighting 
this insect. A second remedy consists in destroy- 
ing the pupae when they gather in large quantities 
at the base of the tree. This may be accomplished 
by gathering them bodily and destroying them, or 
by pouring hot water or a solution of kerosene over 
them. In large trees it may be necessary to 
climb to the crotches of the main limbs to get 
some of them. The third remedy lies in gathering 
and destroying the adult beetles when found in 
their winter quarters. The application of bands of 
burlap or “tanglefoot,” or of other substances 
often seen on the trunks of elm trees is injurious 
and useless, since these bands only prevent the 
larvre from crawling down from the leaves to the 
base and serve to prevent nothing from crawling 
up. Scraping the trunks of elm trees is also a 
waste of effort. 
THE TUSSOCK MOTH. 
Life history: This insect appears in the form 
of a red-headed, yellow-colored caterpillar during 
the latter part of May, and in June and July. The 
caterpillars surround themselves with silken cocoons 
and change into pupic. The mature moths emerge 
from the cocoons after a period of about two 
weeks, and the females, which are wingless, soon 
deposit their eggs on the bark of trees, on twigs, 
fences, and other neighboring objects. These eggs 
form white clusters of 350 individual eggs each, 
and are very conspicuous all winter, see Fig. 3. 
Remedies: There are two ways of combating 
this insect: (1) By spraying for the caterpillars 
during the latter part of May and early June. (2) 
By removing and destroying the egg masses in the 
fall or winter. 
THE GIPSY MOTH. 
Life history: This insect, imported from Europe 
to this country in 186S, has ever since proved a 
serious enemy of all kinds of shade, forest, and 
fruit trees in the New England States. It even 
feeds on evergreens, killing the trees by a single 
defoliation. 
The \nsect appears in the caterpillar stage from 
April to July. It feeds at night and rests by day. 
The mature caterpillar, which is dark in color, 
may be recognized by rows of blue and red spots 
along its back. After July, egg masses are de- 
posited by the female moths on the bark of trees, 
and on leaves, fences, and other neighboring ob- 
jects. Here they remain over the winter until 
they hatch in the spring. The flat egg masses are 
round or oval in shape, and are yellowish -brown 
in color. 
Remedies: Spray for the caterpillars in June 
with arsenate of lead and apply creosote to the 
egg masses whenever found. 
THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. 
Life history: This insect was introduced here 
from Europe m 1890 and has since done serious 
damage to shade, forest, and fruit trees, and to 
shrubs in the New England States. 
It appears in the caterpillar stage in the early 
spring and continues to feed on the leaves and 
buds until the last of June. Then the caterpillars 
pupate, the moths come out. and in July and 
August the egg clusters appear. These hatch into 
caterpillars which form nests for themselves by 
drawing the leaves together. Here they remain 
protected until the spring. 
The Civil Service Board of the West 
Park Commission of Chicago will hold an 
examination for foreman of Douglas Park 
January 30, 1914. This position pays from 
$125 to $150 per month and involves full 
charge of Douglas Park, including all gar- 
dening and landscape work, as well as the 
boating, skating and other activities. Since 
this park has an area of more than 180 
acres, the position is one of no little impor- 
tance. The Civil Service Board is de- 
sirous of calling this examination to the 
attention of all competent persons who 
may be interested. The special subject of 
the examination will be given : Weight of 
Remedies: Collect the winter nests from Octo- 
ber to April and burn them. Also spray the trees 
for caterpillars in early May and in August with 
arsenate of lead. 
THE FALL WEBWORM. 
The caterpillars of this insect congregate in 
colonies and surround themselves with a web which 
often reaches a size of a foot or more in diameter. 
These webs are common on trees in July and 
August. Cutting off the webs or burning them on 
the twigs is the most practical remedy. 
THE LEOPARD MOTH. 
Life history: This insect does its serious dam- 
age in the grub form. The grubs which are 
whitish in color with brown heads, and which 
vary in size from % of an inch to 3 inches in 
length (Fig. 8), may be found boring in the wood 
of the branches and trunk of ) the tree all winter. 
The leopard motli requires two years to complete 
its round of life. The mature moths are marked 
with dark spots resembling a leopard’s skin, hence 
the name. It is one of the commonest and most 
destructive insects in the East and is responsible 
for the recent death of thousands of the famous 
elm trees in New Haven and Boston. 
Remedies: Trees likely to be infested with this 
insect should be examined three or four times a 
year for wilted twigs, dead branches, and strings 
of expelled frass; all of which may indicate the 
presence of this borer. Badly infested branches 
should be cut off and burned. Trees so badly in- 
fested that treatment becomes too complicated 
should be cut down and destroyed. Where the 
insects are few and can be readily reached, an in- 
jection of carbon bisulphide into the burrow, the 
orifice of which is then immediately closed with 
soap or putty, will often destroy the insects 
within. 
THE HICKORY BARK BORER. 
Life history: This insect is a small brown or 
black beetle in its mature form and a small legless 
white grub in its winter stage. The beetles ap- 
pear from June to August. In July they deposit 
their eggs in the outer sapwood, immediately under 
the bark of the trunk and larger branches. The 
eggs soon hatch and the grubs feed on the living 
tissue of the tree, forming numerous galleries. The 
grubs pass the winter in a nearly full-grown con- 
dition, transform to pupae in May, and emerge as 
beetles in June. 
Remedies - The presence of the insect can be 
detected by the small holes in the bark of the 
trees and the fine sawdust which is ejected from 
these holes, when the insects are active. These 
holes, however, will not be noticeable until the in- 
sect has completed its transformation. In summer, 
the infested trees show wilted leaves and many 
dead twigs. Holes in 4he base of the petioles of 
these leaves are also signs of the working of the 
insect. Since the insect works underneath the 
bark, it is inaccessible for treatment and all in- 
fested trees should be cut down and burned, ,or 
the bark removed and the insects destroyed. This 
should be done before the beetles emerge from the 
tree in June. 
PLANT LICE OR APHIDES. 
These often appear on the underside of the 
leaves of the beech, Norway maple, tulip, etc. 
They excrete a sweet, sticky liquid called “honey- 
dew,” and cause the leaves to curl or drop. Spray- 
ing with whale oil soap solution formed by adding 
one pound of the soap to five gallons of water is 
the remedy. 
4; experience, weight of 4; educational, 
weight of 2. Special subject will include 
oral and written questions on the propaga- 
tion, planting, pruning and care of trees 
and shrubs; on the care of annual and 
perennial plants ; on the making and treat- 
ment of lawns ; and on fertilizing and 
treatment of soils, and other questions on 
the qualifications to perform the duties 
specified. Applications must be filed with 
Fred G. Huechling, Superintendent of 
Employment, in the office of the Board in 
Union Park before 5 p. m of January 29, 
1914. 
EXAMINATION FOR PARK FOREMAN. 
