PARK AND CEMETERY. 
passing of a bird. When all these things 
are realized, you will understand there 
is reason for alarm.” 
Prof. L. G. Howard, Entomologist to 
the United States Government, describes 
the San Jose scale as round or slightly 
elongated or irregular. It is flat, pressed 
close to the bark, resembles the back of 
twigs in color, and when fully grown is 
about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 
At or near the middle of each scale is a 
small, round, slightly elongated black 
point, or these points sometimes appear 
yellowish. 
When upon the bark of twigs or 
leaves in large numbers, they lie close 
to each other, frequently overlapping, 
and are at such times difficult to distin- 
guish without a magnifying glass. The 
general appearance which they present is 
of a grayish, very slightly roughened 
scurfy deposit. The branches have the 
appearance of being covered with lime 
or ashes. When crushed, a yellowish 
oily liquid will appear, which will at 
once indicate the presence of healthy 
living scales on the tree. The young 
scale lice come out from under the fe- 
male scales in the spring, soon after the 
unfolding of the leaves. They are min- 
ute yellowish creatures, and crawl about 
for a short time and then fasten them- 
selves generally on a new growth, when 
they secrete a scale and there develop. 
The San Jose scale is apparently more 
susceptible than some of the other scales 
and more easily destroyed, but its won- 
derful power of reproduction makes it 
important to reduce it to the narrowest 
possible margin ; hence the absolute ne- 
cessity for thorough work in treating it. 
Of the sprays used against the scale, 
crude petroleum is recommended as one 
of the most effective, and it is cheap. It 
is a strong remedy, and must not be 
used in excess of what is necessary to 
penetrate encrustation. Every part of 
the tree must be reached, but the spray 
must not be directed too long against 
any part of it. Special attention must 
be given to the inside of the branches, 
the twigs, and the deep cracks in the 
bark, to overtake individuals in hiding. 
Tender trees have been killed by ex- 
cessive applications. It is safer to use 
crude petroleum diluted to 20 or 25 per 
cent with water. 
There are two principal kinds of in- 
secticides, those that kill as a stomach 
poison and are used to control leaf- 
eating insects, and those that kill by 
coming in contact with the pest, killing 
by penetration or by clogging the 
breathing pores. These latter are used 
for insects that suck the juices of the 
leaf through a small beak and so are not 
affected by poisons on the surface of 
the foliage. 
For leaf-eating insects, the general 
opinion is that the best and most certain 
poison is arsenate of lead. 
The Michigan agricultural authorities 
describe the "pure kerosene” treatment 
for San Jose and other pernicious scale 
as follows: 
The Spraying Solutions. 
This consists in spraying the trees 
with ordinary illuminating oil (coal oil 
or kerosene). The application is made 
at any time during the winter, prefer- 
ably in the latter part, and by means of 
a spray pump making a line mist. The 
application should be attended with the 
greatest care, merely enough spray be- 
ing put on the plant to moisten the 
trunk and branches without causing the 
oil to flow down the trunk and collect 
about the base. With the use of this 
substance it must be constantly borne 
in mind that careless or excessive ap- 
plication of the oil will be very apt to 
kill the treated plant. The application 
should be made on a bright, dry day, 
so that the oil will evaporate as quickly 
as possible. On a moist, cloudy day 
the evaporation is slow and injury to 
the plant is more apt to result. If the 
kerosene treatment be adopted, there- 
fore, it must be with a full apprehension 
of the fact that the death of the tree 
may follow. The oil has been used, 
however, a great many times and very 
extensively without consequent injury 
of any kind. On the other hand, its 
careless use has frequently killed many 
valuable trees. Its advantages are its 
availability and its cheapness, kerosene 
spreading very rapidly and much less of 
it being required to wet the tree than a 
soap and water spray. 
A good lime and sulphur solution, rec- 
ommended for San Jose and Cottony 
scale, is made as follows: 
Fresh stone lime 30 lbs. 
Sulphur 20 lbs. 
Water to make 60 gals. 
Put 10 pounds of lime and 20 pounds 
of sulphur into 20 gallons of boiling 
water and boil until sulphur is dissolved, 
when the solution will have an amber 
color. This will take from one and one- 
half to two hours. Then place 20 pounds 
of stone lime in a cask and slake it with 
boiling w-ater. When thoroughly dis- 
solved, add to the sulphur and lime and 
boil one-half hour longer. Strain into 
spray barrel and add enough water to 
make sixty gallons in all. This solution 
must be used while hot. 
Kerosene emulsion is regarded as the 
best known remedy for use upon soft 
bodied or scale insects that suck the sap. 
It is made from kerosene, water and 
soap, either hard or soft, or whale oil. 
The soft soap formula is as follows: 
Heat one quart of soft soap until it 
becomes a liquid. Remove from the fire 
and add one pint of kerosene and agitate 
freely for from three to five minutes, or 
until it forms a cream-like emulsion 
from which the oil does not separate 
upon standing. This is a stock solution 
and can be kept for any length of time. 
Before using it should be diluted ac- 
cording to the condition of the trees and 
kinds of insects. For scale insects it is 
desirable to spray while the trees are 
dormant, after diluting this stock solu- 
tion so that there will be one part of 
kerosene to three of water, but if it is 
applied for the same class of insects 
while the tree is in leaf, the amount of 
water should be at least seven or eight 
times as great as of the kerosene in the 
stock solution. At this strength it will 
be fatal to all soft-bodied insects and to 
many of the scales, while for many of 
the insects with soft bodies it will be 
found sufficiently powerful if fifteen parts 
of water are used to one of kerosene. 
Another form of kerosene emulsion is 
made by placing two gallons of ordinary 
kerosene in a warm place, either in a 
warm room or in the sun, and allow it 
to become as warm as possible without 
danger from fire. Boil one pound of 
laundry soap or whale-oil soap in a gal- 
lon of soft water until completely dis- 
solved. Remove the soap solution from 
the fire, and, while still boiling hot, add 
the kerosene and agitate vigorously foi 
ten minutes, or until the oil is emulsi- 
fied, with a spraying pump by forcing 
the liquid back into the vessel from 
which it was pumped. When the liquid 
is perfectly emulsified it will appear 
creamy in color and will flow evenly 
down the side of the vessel when al- 
lowed to do so. Care should be taken 
to completely emulsify the oil and this 
is accomplished much more easily when 
the mixture is hot. This strong emul- 
sion may now be readily diluted with 
water and used, or it may be stored 
away for future use. When cold it be- 
comes like sour milk in appearance and 
should be dissolved in three or four 
times its bulk of hot water before diluting 
with cold water. If the water is at all 
hard, ‘‘break’’ it by adding a little sal-soda 
before putting in the soap. 
Small amounts of this emulsion may 
be made by using the ingredients in 
small quantities, but in the same relative 
proportion. It is used at the rate of 
eight or ten parts of water to one part 
of emulsion. 
The standard self-boiled lime-sulphur 
mixture is composed of 8 pounds of 
fresh stone lime and 8 pounds of sul- 
phur to 50 gallons of water. In mild 
cases of brown-rot and scab a weaker 
mixture containing 6 pounds of each in- 
gredient to 50 gallons of water may be 
used with satisfactory results. The ma- 
terials cost so little, however, that one 
