298 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
breaks the liquid up into small particles 
and makes it possible to cover more 
surface with a quart of liquid than at low 
pressure. 
Employes of the Ohio State Department 
of Agriculture operated a Deming power 
very oldest towns in Ohio and is noted for 
its beautiful shade trees. The National 
Cash Register Co. of Dayton, Ohio, main- 
tains a landscape department to still fur- 
ther beautify and care for their extensive 
parks. One of our illustrations shows a 
Deming sprayer. The Deming double-act- 
ing power spray pumps can be belted 
to any gasoline engine and will work con- 
tinuously against 200 pounds pressure. 
Many of the smaller towns, parks, ceme- 
teries and forestry departments own gaso- 
line engines which can be easily rigged up 
to the pump, thereby effecting a great sav- 
ing over the purchase of a new and com- 
plete power spray rig. There are many 
other types of belt-driven spray pumps 
made by this firm that are good for opera- 
tion with any gasoline engine. 
Some of the smaller parks and cemetery 
departments may make profitable use of 
some types of barrel sprayers' that have 
high enough capacity and sufficient reach 
for tree and shrub work. One of these is 
illustrated in the Aspinwall sprayer shown 
that is also recommended for grapevine and 
shrubbery spraying, whitewashing and other 
utility work. This outfit consists of barrel, 
single cylinder pump with lever, syphon 
agitator, 10 feet of iron pipe extension, 
shut-off cock, 10 feet of one-half inch hose 
and two nozzles. An extension pipe of 
brass or bamboo can be supplied whenever 
desired. 
Smaller types of sprayers such as the 
hand power, knapsack and fountain com- 
pressed air types are often used for shrub- 
bery for greenhouse use, for the applica- 
tion of general disinfectants and with tree 
and vine attachments, and extensions can 
be made serviceable in a variety of ways. 
ASPINWALL BARREL SPRAYER IN ACTION. 
spraying machine on some interesting tree 
work they did at Marietta, Ohio. This 
work was in charge of N. E. Shaw, chief 
nursery inspector, Columbus, and resulted 
in the saving of nearly all of Marietta’s 
famous old shade trees. This is one of the 
Deming power sprayer, purchased a year 
ago, which has produced splendid results 
under the direction of their landscape de- 
partment. The forestry department of 
Cleveland, Ohio, under the direction of 
Forester E. H. Boddy, also operates a 
HOW TO STUDY 
r AND COMBAT THE INSECT PESTS 
From an address before the Massachusetts Horti- 
cultural Society, by Prof. Edson F. Hitthings. 
We are facing a problem of grave im- 
portance. One cannot estimate the vast in- 
roads into our national resources caused 
by the myriads of insect pests that menace 
our very existence ; they constitute a vast 
army that is flanking us on every hand; 
there are bugs to right of us, bugs to 
left of us, bugs in front of us; sucking 
and chewing us. “There’s not to make 
reply, there’s not to reason why,” there’s 
but to fight and spray, if success be ours. 
Entomology has come to be recognized 
as one of the leading sciences in the field 
of research in modern, economic agricul- 
ture. 
We will now consider the following fac- 
tors in the control of insect pests : 
1. Practice clean culture. 
2. Secure a vigorous plant growth. 
3. Encourage bird and other friends. 
4. Know our beneficial insects. 
5. Learn the life histories of our insect 
pests. 
6. Destroy all refuse material where in- 
sects hibernate. 
7. Look out for wild food plants. 
8. Use up-to-date methods to destroy 
the several stages of insect life. 
The subject under consideration is “in- 
sect pests of the garden and orchard.” Be- 
fore specializing on the above named pests, 
I think it will be well to briefly define an 
insect and give its life history as far as a 
simple type is concerned. An insect is a 
true hexapod, a six-legged animal, having 
three divisions of the body, viz., head, 
thorax and abdomen ; it breathes through 
openings along the sides of the body. 
The life history of a perfect insect is 
represented by the four stages, viz., egg, 
larva, pupa and imago. These four stages 
are entirely different, very distinct, and 
should be thoroughly understood in order 
to wage a succesful warfare against any 
particular foe. 
The following general conditions should 
be recognized : First, the eggs in all cases 
are inactive, or dormant, so, in themselves, 
cannot be harmful or injurious; second, 
the third stage — the pupa — being the stage 
of transition from the full-grown larva to 
the adult, must of necessity be one of no 
external activity, therefore of itself can do 
no harm; third, the fourth stage — that of 
the perfect insect — in the majority of 
cases, though it be one of great activity, 
is not one of a direct injurious nature, as 
its real mission is the perpetuation of the 
species. Of course, there are exceptions 
to this among some of the. orders, as in 
the case of many of our beetles, which, in 
the adult stage, feed upon the foliage of 
plants ; fourth, this leaves the second stage 
— that of the larva — as the leading, injuri- 
ous period in the life history of the insect. 
It is during this stage that the growth of 
the insect is made, and it must necessarily, 
in the majority of cases, cover a large per- 
centage of its life-cycle. 
This being the case, we can readily see 
how important it is that we learn to rec- 
ognize this stage of our common insect 
pests, so as to more successfully control 
their depredations. 
We will next consider them in relation 
to their food habits, dividing them into 
the following groups, viz: (a) sucking in- 
sects (true bugs, plant lice, scale insects, 
etc.) ; (b) leaf-eating insects (tent cater- 
pillar, brown-tail, gypsy, etc.) ; (c) root 
feeders (wire worms, June beetles). 
Knowing the food habits of an insect, 
we can the more readily apply the rem- 
edy. Those under (a) must be handled 
