PARK AND CEMETERY. 
301 
the spray barrel or tank, it should 
strained through a brass wire strainer to 
catch any of the coarse particles. 
Whenever it is necessary to use a quan- 
tity of the mixture, it is desirable to have 
the lime and the copper sulphate in “stock 
solutions.” A quanity of lime is slaked to 
a paste and held so by being covered with 
water. The copper sulphate, say fifty 
pounds, is placed in a clean gunny sack and 
suspended in a barrel (one with wood 
hoops is much to be preferred) contain- 
ing 25 gallons of water. This will dissolve 
in about a day. One gallon of this “stock 
solution” is equal to two pounds of copper 
sulphate. Always stir this “stock solution” 
before dipping any out, in order that what 
is used may be full strength. 
A good, quick way to combine these 
three substances is as follows : Put the 
amount of the “stock solution” of copper 
sulphate required in a barrel, and add 
enough water to make twenty-five gallons, 
or one-half barrel. Put about seven 
pounds of the lime paste in a barrel and 
add twenty-five gallons of water, making 
a thin whitewash. Pour, or let these two 
run together into a third barrel, or di- 
rectly into the spray barrel or tank, being 
sure to strain. ' When partly run in, test 
with ferro-cyanide of potash to make sure 
be enough lime has been used. If Paris green, 
arsenate of lead, or any other poison is to 
be used, make it into a thin patse with a 
little water and add it to the Bordeaux 
mixture, which is now ready to be used. 
Arsenate of Lead. 
This poison is used very extensively. It 
can be secured for a resonable price, is 
ready to use at any time, does not easily 
injure the foliage and is the only poison 
that can be safely used in the lime-sulphur 
sprays. 
It is usually sold in kegs or “kits” or 
small barrels in the form of paste. Some 
companies have it in a powder dorm. This 
form usually costs twice as much or more 
per pound as the paste form, and since it 
does not contain much water, only one- 
half the amount in weight should be used 
as is recommended for the paste form. 
A simple, easy way to work the thick, 
pasty arsenate of lead into a thin, smooth 
paste (as it should be before using either 
alone or in something) is to put the 
amount required in a keg; add water and 
churn with a dasher. This is much quicker 
than to use a paddle. 
Kerosene Emulsion. 
Place two gallons of ordinary kerosene 
in a warm place, either in a warm room or 
A SUCCESSFULLY MANAGED 
Following immediately upon the first an- 
nouncement from the New York State 
College of Forestry at Syracuse Univer- 
sity .that it wished to co-operate with 
wood-lot and timber-land owners in the 
state in placing of timber under forest 
management, the Water Bureau of the city 
of Syracuse applied for aid in the care of 
150 acres of second growth timber lying 
along an abrupt slope at the south end of 
Skaneateles Lake. This timber had been 
purchased by the city to improve its wa- 
tershed and to get rid of several hotels 
which were a source of contamination to 
the lake. The College of Forestry at once 
made a rough survey of the tract to show 
the nature of the timber and what should 
be done to bring about immediate improve- 
ment. The city maintained on the tract 
during the past summer of 1912 a party of 
five forestry students under the immediate 
supervision of an instructor from the fac- 
ulty of the State College of Forestry. 
These boys made a careful topographical 
survey of the tract, mapping exactly the 
boundaries of the tract and every natural 
feature. They then built fire lines along 
two sides', digging the humus down to the 
mineral soil. 
So-called sample plots were laid out over 
the tract. These plots vary in size from 
an eighth to an acre and are designated 
by red painted posts. Each plot is treated 
as a sample area and managed according 
to different methods of forest improve- 
ment ; for instance, the first plot is given a 
heavy thinning to get out all the old and 
matured trees and trees which will not 
grow quickly into timber. The second plot 
is given a lighter thinning and more at- 
tention is paid to favoring the natural 
growth on the ground ; another plot will 
be underplanted to evergreens in the 
spring of 1913 ; finally one or two check 
plots are left to see what the original for- 
est will do if no improvement is given. 
Over the forest not covered by these sam- 
ple plots improvement cuttings are being 
made. The old and mature trees so com- 
monly found in our wood-lots and wood- 
lands are removed, as they are failing rap- 
idly and really occupy the land at a con- 
siderable loss to the owner. Such forest 
weeds as ironwood, sumach, dogwood and 
other trees which will not produce tim- 
ber were cut out at the time of the im- 
provement thinning. This timber is cut up 
into cordwooa lengths and put onto the 
market as cordwood. 
In the spring of 1913 some replanting 
will be done over the more open portion 
of the woodland. Underplanting with ever- 
greens which will grow for a few years 
under the shade of other trees will be car- 
ried out. When these young evergreens 
in the sun, and allow to become as warm 
as possible without danger from fire. Boil 
one pound of laundry soap or whale-oil 
soap in a gallon of soft water until com- 
pletely dissolved. Remove the soap solu- 
tion from the fire, and while still boiling 
hot, add the kerosene and agitate vigor- 
ously for ten minutes, or until the oil is 
emulsified, with a spraying pump by forc- 
ing the liquid back into the vessel from 
which it was pumped. When the liquid is 
perfectly emulsified it will appear creamy 
in color and will flow evenly down the 
side of the vessel when allowed to do so. 
Care should be taken to completely emul- 
sify the oil, and this is accomplished much 
more easily when the mixture is hot. This 
strong emulsion may now be readily di- 
luted with water and used, or it may be 
stored away for future use. When cold, 
it becomes like sour milk in appearance 
and should be dissolved in three or four 
times its bulk of hot water before diluting 
with cold water. If the water is at all 
hard, “break” it by adding a litle sal-soda 
before putting in the soap. Small amounts 
of this emulsion may be made by using 
the ingredients in small quantities, but in 
the same relative proportion. It is used 
at the rate of eight or ten parts of water 
to one part of emulsion. 
CITY FOREST 
begin to reach up from 12 to 14 feet, the 
older and poorer trees will be cut out to 
give the younger growth sufficient light. 
White pine, red pine and the Scotch pine 
will be planted to determine which is best 
suited to the soil and climatic conditions 
of Central New York. 
During all of these operations careful 
studies are being made as to the rapidity 
of growth of the various trees found on 
the tract ; that is, studies are made of the 
annual increment which each tree makes 
in wood. This is done that definite figures 
may be obtained as to just how long it 
will take to grow a red oak or a basswood 
or some other tree to pole and saw log 
size. Along with the study of growth very 
careful figures are kept as to the cost of 
each operation that it may be determined 
just how expensive it will be to carry on 
this woodland improvement and whether 
the ordinary wood-lot owner can afford to 
do it. The 150 acres were very carefully 
estimated and it was found that over 
600,000 board feet is standing on the tract 
at the present time. If this timber is well 
taken care of there is every reason to be- 
lieve that it will give within a reasonably 
short time an income equal to 2 y 2 to 3 
per cent compound interest, and probably 
more, as markets are rather better than in 
the ordinary location. 
