92 
PARK AND CEyAETERY 
happily the result is the same whether it be viewed 
from the standpoint of philanthropy or civic ex- 
pediency. Authorities have always held that parks 
exert a large influence on the health of crowded 
communities, and there are few cities of importance 
in the civilized world that have not had parks and 
public recreation grounds for the greater part of 
their existence. But these larger parks are usually 
situated in localities of comparatively light popu- 
lation, and the surroundings have been absorbed 
by the class for which the park, theoretically, was 
never intended. It has been taken for granted that 
the attractions of the park would draw that part of 
the population most needing such a change to it, 
wherever its location. This idea has only been 
partially realized, the economic conditions control- 
ling the dense population precluding its consumma- 
tion. This fact has now concentrated attention on 
the providing of breathing spaces and beauty spots, 
otherwise small parks, in the crowded neighbor- 
hoods of our larger cities. We say necessity, be- 
cause it is today recognised that the moral and 
physical conditions of the masses are the most im- 
portant considerations of either municipal or gener- 
al government, and among the benefits bestowed on 
the people, none have given more valuable returns 
than small parks where such have been provided. 
Sufficient care, however, has never been expended 
upon them, they have been largely considered play 
grounds, and hence neglected; but a new decree 
has gone forth, and we may expect to see, as we 
should, these small parks places of real beauty, as 
much, or more care to the acre, given as in the 
great parks, and kept up so that at all times and 
seasons of the year, besides affording that much 
needed breath of fresh air to a tired population, 
they may be pictures of natural beauty to be stamp- 
ed upon the uncultured mind and so tend to ele- 
vate mankind. 
Landscape Gardening. 
At the meeting, last year of the Illinois Chapter 
of the American Institute of Architects, Mr. Thomas 
Hawkes, member of the chapter, read a paper un- 
der the above title, in which he discussed the relat- 
ions which should exist between Architecture and 
Landscape Gardening, and from which we take 
some extracts. 
After briefly referring to the many examples 
recorded of such work in by-gone ages and carry- 
ing the question along into more recent times, he 
continued: “The arch enemy of landscape garden- 
ing is utility, that utility which signifies greed or a 
pecuniary profit, but those even who are swayed by 
it lose not the love of nature or the beautiful, even 
as they grow older and become more and more ini- 
mersed in business, for these same persons decorate 
their houses to the extent of their means, take 
pleasure looking at the landscapes of their pictures, 
enjoy the scenic descriptions of the writer, and seek 
in summer in the country the most beautiful natural 
scenery that is accessible. The question is not so 
much to .show how landscape gardening should be 
done as to show how a desire may be awakened to 
bring it to our doors; to show how this utility may 
be done away with, this Gorgon that, in cities, 
turns the innate desire for natural beauty into stone, 
and which extends its petrifying influence into 
country homes. But how is to be shown the way 
by which this utilitarian enemy of the beautiful in 
nature may be led off? I know of no better method, 
for a beginning, than that of making of all archi- 
tects landscape gardeners.” 
Referring to the gardening of the Persians and 
the Romans, in the latter instancing among other 
references the Bay of Naples and its villas, he says: 
“Passing from that time, the art of landscape garden- 
ing seems to have been nearly lost with the fall of 
the Roman empire, but the splendor of imperial 
and private gardens, though dimmed, and may be 
not so fragrant, was preserved by those monks who 
so well, too, preserved from oblivion the writings 
of Greece and Rome. Believing that a thing of 
beauty is a joy forever, in more than an ideal sense, 
these monks perpetuated the art of landscape gard- 
ening in the careful selection of sites for monaster- 
ies and abbeys. xA.ll Italy then wooed with fra- 
grance and beauty, revived an art, the effect of 
which has been felt ever since, and which is strong- 
ly shown in the French style, a modification mere- 
ly of the Italian, and later on the Dutch, although 
fantastic in many essentials, with their level 
grounds, their formal terraces, their canals and 
straight tree planting, helped to form the natural 
style of the present day. 
In Europe there is evidence everywhere of an 
inclination to the art, and in many places the evi- 
dence of masterly skill is pronounced, but princi- 
pally in PIngland has the practice of landscape 
gardening received the greatest attention. Wealth 
there, by reason of its concentration to a few, has 
been expended in vast sums on such work, which, 
embodying the merits of previous successive changes 
and eliminating false styles, has through the efforts 
of various professors made landscape gardening to 
be more understandingly practiced than at any time 
in the past. In the eastern parts of the United 
States, at places the art is much practiced, and here 
in the West there are many fine samples of it which 
excite our admiration. Shall we here call to mind 
a recent splendor that is past, a relative perfection 
of artistic gardening whose aid contributed so much 
