271 
PARK AND CCAETCRY. 
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extension resulted in calling in Mr. J. Y. Craig, 
landscape gardener and superintendent of Forest 
Lawn Cemetery, Omaha, to remodel the ten acres 
upon the lawn plan taking into consideration in his 
design the addition of twenty acres, and also with 
a further view of extending the whole when neces- 
sary. The accompanying plan which has been 
adopted, represents the new design, which had in a 
measure to conform to conditions imposed by the 
former sale of lots. 
The original ten acres was donated to the town 
by the Hon. S. S. Cotton of Norfolk, who is presi- 
dent of the association now formed. The associat- 
ion was organized and rules and regulations have 
been formally promulgated. 
The officers and board of Trustees are represen- 
tative business men of the city, and there is also a 
Ladies’ Society, who will give cemetery matters a 
very close attention. The adoption of the lawn 
plan does credit to the officers of the association as 
well as the city, and the development of the cem- 
etery on these lines will afford a constant pleasure 
to the lot owners, and undoubtedly create an ever- 
growing interest in the community. If carried out 
in its integrity this little modern cemetery may be 
made a gem and form, not by any means the least 
attractive feature of a wide-awake town. If a com- 
munity can be judged by the care bestowed upon 
its cemetery, Norfolk has a good start for general 
commendation. 
The Roman Roads. 
The Roman road was built for eternity. When 
the roadbed had been prepared by excavation it 
was carefully refilled, regardless of expense, with 
layers of sand, stones and cement, says the New 
York Independe^it . The surface was so solidly 
dressed I'.iat the wear and tear was reduced to a 
minim in. Investigations with regard to the 
preparation of the roadbeds were made years ago 
by llergier on Roman roads that are still in use in 
France, and with the following results: In one 
road the excavation down to hardpan was three feet 
deep. This trench was filled up first with a layer 
of sand and cement an inch thick; then came a foot 
layer of flattish stones and cement: then a foot 
layer of small traveled stones and cement. These 
last two layers were so hard and firmly knit togeth- 
er that tools could break off fragments only with 
great difficulty. The next layer consisted of a foot 
of cement and sand, covered with a top dressing of 
gravel. In another road in France the foot layer 
of cement and sand changed places with the layer 
of cement and traveled stones. A third road in 
France was examined at a point where it had been 
raised twenty feet above the level of the surround- 
ing country, and a vertical section revealed a 
structure of five layers. First came the great fill 
of 163^ feet; on top of this fill they placed first a 
foot layer of flattish stones and cement, then a foot 
layer of flattish stones without mortar of any kind, 
then a halt-foot layer of firmly packed dirt, then a 
half-foot layer of small gravel in hard cement, and 
lastly, a half-foot layer of cement and large gravel. 
-Paved roads were exceptional. An example of 
paved roads is the Via Appia, whose pavement 
consists of a hard kind of stone, such as is used for 
millstones. The stones of this pavement are care- 
fully hewn and fitted together so precisely that the 
road often appears to be solid rock, and has proved 
to be so indestructible that after 2,000 years of 
continuous use it is still a magnificent road. Ordi- 
narily, however, the top dressing of the road con- 
sisted of gravel and hard cement; and in the count- 
less inscriptions, when such and such a governor is 
said to have restored a given road, reference is 
made to this top dressing of gravel and cement. 
The width of the military road was usually sixty 
feet, the raised center being twenty feet wide, with 
side tracks each of the width of twenty feet. In 
some roads the raised center was paved, while the 
side tracks were dressed with gravel and cement. 
The viae privatje and the feeders of the military 
roads were usually dirt roads. They were much 
narrower than the military roads; sometimes they 
had a width of only ten feet, and, indeed, the 
feeders of the Via Appia were only two feet wide, 
but paved. The width of the Roman roads, all 
told, varied, therefore, from 2 to 120 feet. 
To travel on these old Roman roads creates 
profound reflection; the mind wanders over the cen- 
turies passed and dwells interestedly on Roman 
historical incident. 
