30 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
VVe are indebted to Mr. H. Cramer, Germantown, 
Philadelphia, for photographs of this fine vine. 
Clematis coccinea is a herbaceous species, bear- 
ing beautiful small, somewhat bell shaped scarlet 
flowers. After being in one position for some time 
and its roots become strong, it will make a growth 
of 6 to 8 feet a year. It is a beautiful and inter- 
esting little vine, where one of annual growth and 
small size suffices. It comes from Texas, and be- 
ing herbaceous, it thrives in New York and no 
doubt much further north of that state. 
Decumaria barbara is sometimes called Ameri- 
can climbing hydrangea, because of its close botan- 
ical relationship to the hydrangea. It has pretty, 
shining green leaves and clusters of white flowers. 
Its clinging character much resembles that of the 
common ivy. It is a well known and valued vine 
in the south, but only of late years has it been 
grown in the north. 
The lovely Carolina Jasmine, Gelsemium sem. 
pervirens, though not hardy enough for general 
cultivation in the north, could be grown in many a 
place where it is now a stranger. I have seen it 
growing in Philadelphia, but am told that its tops 
are annually partly winter killed, and that it does not 
flower. There are, no doubt, sheltered positions 
for it where its tops could be preserved, that its 
lovely yellow flowers could be enjoyed. Last win- 
ter I saw in a florist’s greenhouse a dozen or more 
small plants of it in 3-inch pots, beautifully in 
flower. It would, it seems, make a lovely pot 
plant for early spring blooming. 
Joseph Meehan. 
DRAINAGE. 
Surface and subsoil drainage must naturally 
vary considerably according to locations and char- 
acter of soils; often two independent systems are 
employed, though most generally, one system, 
combining both surface and subsoil drainage, can 
be planned. 
F'irst of all, it is of the greatest importance for 
any system to locate free and unobstructed outlets 
for the main trunks either into ravines, ditches, 
lakes, rivers or other waterways, where there can 
be no possible chance or danger of backwater. It 
is also of importance to protect all outlets so as to 
prevent vermin, such as rats, mink, skunk, etc., 
from getting up into the drains. 
Following this in importance will be the plan- 
ning of a graduated system of pipes and inlets fully 
competent to carry off storm water from drives and 
sections after the heaviest rainfalls. This, of course, 
requires considerable calculation, but, with the aid 
of easily procured tables and memoranda showing 
amount of water per acre at various precipitations. 
also capacities of various sized pipes laid at differ- 
ent inclinations or grades, any ordinarily intelligent 
person, not an engineer, will be able to determine 
what sizes of pipe will be required. Carefully 
taken leveling of the area from outlet to end of 
proposed drain will establish the grade. 
In the following particulars attention will be 
paid to sub-drainage. It is conceded that the 
greater or more quick the grade of a drain the easier 
it will be to construct the same. The least incli- 
nation of a drain grade admissible will solely 
depend on the ability and carefulness of those con- 
structing the same. In Woodward Lawn cemetery 
conditions and surroundings demanded a system 
where no greater fall than o. T2 per 100 ft. (twelve 
one-hundredths of a foot) could be procured, yet the 
drains are working satisfactorily. I do not doubt 
that drains laid on a dead level even will afford 
some relief, so long as the head of water above the 
drain overbalances the friction in the pipe, and, of 
course, the larger the pipe used the less will be the 
friction. It is safe to say, however, that, for effect- 
ive drainage, no one would care to try such an 
experiment, but would rather seek for an outlet 
sufficiently low to insure a complete emptying of 
the lowest lying main. 
Having in mind the main object to drain or 
make dry the burial areas of a section, the depth of 
drains ordinarily used inland drainage (viz. 3 to 4 
ft.) is not sufficient. We must go down to the level 
of the bottom of the grave, or better yet, somewhat 
deeper, especially where naturally wet soil and 
clay are found, bearing in mind all the time that 
free and unobstructed outlets are necessary and that 
the drains are laid on perfectly even grades, with- 
out sag or depression. As the greater proportion 
of expense in draining is the digging of the trenches, 
and the cost of the pipe the least consideration, 
ordinary soft agricultural tiles should never be used 
for such important work. Vitrified salt glazed 
sewer pipe, with bell ends, or where they can be 
procured, the Portland cement pipe are to be 
recommended. 
Being laid to drain the land the joints must be 
open for water to enter, and not cemented. Con- 
siderable discussion on this question was had at the 
Richmond meeting of the Association of American 
Cemetery Superintendents and much was said pro 
and con. I still maintain, that in deep drainage es- 
pecially, there is no danger of water forcing its way 
underthe pipe, or that rootsof trees will eventually 
block the system, if proper care and precaution are 
taken when the work is done. In all drain work the 
back filling is as important as any part of the work. 
When the crocks have been carefully laid to grade 
and firmly pushed into place so that pipe fits to 
