PARK AND CEMETERY. 
and complication to the work of laying of pipe to 
the grades and consequently many failures resulted 
therefrom. 
The sides of trenches, especially through 
heavy cuts, should be slightly sloped, and thoroughly 
braced and curbed. Only short distances should be 
prepared at a time and work must be done with 
dispatch. To place the pipe into proper position 
for grade, construct and put down a box of plank, 
somewhat wider and longer than one length of 
pipe, drive this into the sand to grade, quickly 
remove the sand from within the box and replace 
the same by a length of pipe, firmly forcing the 
latte; up against the one previously laid, and pro- 
tecting the bell end either by a small bundle of hay 
or a circular board, fitting into bell end, thus pre- 
venting any running sand to enter. Pull up the 
box, fill in around the pipe with coarse gravel or 
cinders, or in the absence of either, use tough sods 
around the joints and pack the pipe solidly, then 
proceed as before. 
For an extensive system of drainage, where the 
entire graduated network of piping finally leads into 
one main trunk, it is of importance to provide 
manholes, substantially built of brick, opening up 
to the surface of the ground, and capped off with 
iron frame and lid. 
In Woodward Lawn cemetery, the easterly 
quarter area of which is shown by annexed plan, 
drains have been laid through quicksand, muck, 
clay, and in some places through pockets of water 
gravel, and although only the above-mentioned 
slight fall per lOO feet was obtainable from the out- 
let, the results are remarkable in so short a time. 
Frank Enrich. 
STREET TREES. 
Many of the New England towns and Washing- 
ton, D. C., are noted for the beauty of their streets 
by virtue of the trees planted upon them. No in- 
telligent student can question the benefits street 
trees exert upon the beauty and sanitary conditions 
of a city. Many of the smaller towns throughout 
the United States are adorned with unbroken ave- 
nues of Elms, Maples, Live and Water Oaks. But 
with the tremendously rapid growth in commerce 
and population, in many of our American cities, es- 
pecially in the east, these avenues disappear before 
widened and paved streets, close building, smoke 
and gases, neglect and other well known causes. 
But a reaction is setting in to conserve and re- 
new these past effects of beauty and sanitation. In 
Brooklyn a Tree Planting and Fountain Society is 
organized and with creditable perseverance is dis- 
seminating a popular knowledge of the conserva- 
tive attitude necessary to preserve and protect trees. 
Newspaper articles prepared to explain the prelim- 
inary operations of providing suitable soil, select- 
ing desirable kinds of trees, suggesting kinds of 
tree guards, offering expert pruning service and 
spraying insects or fungus infected trees at cost 
price are among the practical methods adopted. It 
is an omen of public spirit conscious of the merit 
of art as exemplified by civic corporations. In 
Washington the street trees, their planting, protec- 
tion and pruning are placed in the trust of a com- 
mittee of three. Boston places her street trees un- 
der the supervision of one man styled “City Fores- 
ter.” In Brooklyn no special laws are enacted to 
invest an official with the care of street trees, each 
property owner possesses the street trees in front of 
his estate. Publishing the correspondence of a so- 
ciety assuming the leadership of concerted action 
towards advancing the interests of tree planted 
streets is a commendable method. In the northern 
states due weight is not accorded the argument of 
adaptability for special kinds of trees for their use 
in planting as street trees. 1 he Soft Maple for in- 
stance will not withstand the weight of heavy snow 
storms; the Poplars are rapid growing but suscepti- 
ble to the attacks of borers; Ailanthus will grow in 
a soil too sterile and insufficiently aerated for most 
others but it is soft wooded. Gingko is too dia- 
phanous; the American Plane mildews and Catal- 
pas and Horse Chestnuts are broken by boys. In 
narrow streets with houses abutting the sidewalks 
broad headed trees are undesirable. Lombards, 
Bolleana Poplars and fastigate Maples and Tulip 
trees are best adapted there. 
In filled-in streets the consequent drainage and 
porous soil is especially adapted to elms but they 
should be alternated with temporary trees, spacing 
the elms sixty feet apart. Lindens and Norway 
Maples are perhaps best adapted for the sections 
built up with brick structures, flagged walks and 
paved streets. We would prefer to see a better se- 
lection of trees in the Brooklyn Society publication, 
omitting such large proportioned specimens as 
Gleditschia triacanthos; half hardy Paulownia; in- 
sufficiently proven Cedrelas; unsymmetrical Sassa- 
fras and others that are virtually shrubs as Oxyden- 
dron Arboreum and Cornus florida. Variety is essen- 
tial and great merit should be accorded those with 
excurrent stems, compact heads, broad leaves, var- 
ied heights, longevity, hard and close grained wood, 
immunity from diseases and insects, adaptability to 
soil, smoke, draught and pruning. It is most grati- 
fying to note the steps taken in 1894 were well di- 
rected, and resultant effects appearing in the future, 
as the outcome of the Brooklyn Society, will com- 
mand the endorsement of public spirited and enlight- 
ened citizens throughout the country. Emil Mische. 
