164 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
Prominent officers and soldiers connected with the 
wars of the revolution, wars of 1812 and the late civil 
war, both of the army and navy: 
Rear Admiral Foote: Read Admiral Gregory; 
Major-General Alfred H. Terry, of the United States 
army. 
Of the prominent clergy of the country: Rev. Lyman 
Beecher, D. D., Rev. Nathaniel Taylor, D. D., Rev. 
Leonard Bacon. D. 1 )., of the Congregational church. 
Of the Episcopal church: Rev. Bela Hubbard, U. I)., 
first rector of Trinity church. Rev. Harry Croswell, D. D., 
Rev. E. E. Beardsley, D. D., church historian. 
While we cannot boast of a cemetery comparable 
with cemeteries of the present day in all their adorn- 
ments by nature and art, we can say this Grove street 
cemetery was the first one in the world laid out in fam- 
ily plots, and for its size probably contains more noted 
dead than any other one in the United States. Its novelty 
was one of the early attractions of New Haven, and was 
called “The Pere La Chaise of America.” Of the mem- 
orial stones some of the epitaphs were unique, especially 
those attracting the eye of an Englishman, who was 
horrified to see that so many had been “Executed” by 
D. Ritter. This man Ritter was the only one in the 
marble trade at that time, and this was his method of 
advertising his business. 
Thus briefly have I endeavored to call your attention 
to an outlined history of this ancient New Haven City 
Burial Ground, in the hope that the custodians of other 
homes of the dead may learn something of the reverend 
care that we have aimed to bestow upon all that is mortal 
of those who have been to us most dear. 
THE EFFECT OF TREES ON TEMPERATURE. 
Dr. Stephen Smith, in showing that trees are a 
safeguard against many of the dangers of summer 
heat in cities, since they tend to lower the tempera- 
ture and to purify the air, states that the Washing- 
ton elm of Cambridge, Mass., a tree of moderate 
size, was estimated a few years since to produce a 
crop of 7,000,000 leaves, exposing a surface of 
200,000 square feet, or about five acres, of foliage. 
Dr. Smith enumerates the causes of the increased 
summer temperature of cities which so appreciably 
raises the mortality of the lower classes during the 
hot months. Among these are the absence of vege- 
tation, the drainage and hence the dryness of the 
soil, the covering of the earth with stones, bricks 
and mortar, the aggregation of population to sur- 
face areas, the massing together of buildingsand the 
artificial heat of workshops and manufactories. 
When the summer temperature begins to rise the 
solar heat is constantly adding to the artificial heat 
The temperature of the whole vast mass of stones, 
bricks, mortar and asphalt gradually increases, with 
no other mitigation or modification than that caused 
by the inconstant winds and occasional rainstorms. 
Dr. Smith says the practical remedy for many of 
these evils is the planting of large numbers of trees 
in the streets. He points out that the temperature 
in a forest, a grove or even a small clump of trees 
is lower in summer and higher in winter than it is 
in the open. The difference between the tempera- 
ture of the air under and among the branches of a 
single tree, densely leaved, and the surrounding 
air, on a hot day, is 20, 30 and 40 degrees, and in 
the soil there is a difference of from 10 to 12 de- 
grees. The reverse is true in winter. Railroad 
engineers have to use tar less fuel in passing through 
forests in winter than in traversing the same dis- 
tance in the open country. When the ground in 
the fields is frozen two or three feet deep its tem- 
perature in the forest is found above the freezing 
point. Trees, in fact, have a normal temperature, 
probably approximating 54 degrees Fahr. , which 
they maintain summer and winter. Another im- 
portant effect on temperature is that caused by the 
evaporation of water from the surface of the leaves. 
A sunflower, with a surface area of 5,616 square 
inches, throws off at the rate of twenty to twenty- 
four ounces every twelve hours. A vine with twelve 
square feet of foliage exhales at the rate of five or 
six ounces daily. It has been estimated that an 
acre of grass emits into the atmosphere 6.4 quarts 
of water in twenty-four hours. It is this fact which 
gives significance to the estimate of the superficial 
area of the foliage of an elm tree. The advantage 
of having an automatic evaporator under one’s win- 
dow is potent. Dr. Smith urges the authorities of 
