190 
PARK AND CEMETERY, 
overhead wires. The guide wheels are attached 
to a light axle which is held in position by power- 
ful springs. In a forced run of 30 km. an h( ur 
durint: tlie trial of the first vehicle built these 
springs and the entire apparatus proved admirably 
adapted to their uses. Sharp curves were turned 
without difficulty or danger. — S/rcit Raihvay Re- 
view. 
MODERN DRIVES FOR CEMETERIES.* 
( Conclu.ied . ) 
To preserve our iiiacadaiu construction intact in clay .soil, a 
system of French drains must he laid, adopting either of the fol- 
lowing plans for the .snh-grade. 
I have heretofore recommended I Ian No. i to cemetery 
officials, laving ])ii)e as French d.rains, and vet of a size large 
enough to carrv all surface waters, on account of its comparative 
cheapness and hecan.se the location of the open pipe in the 
center of the road iilacei it at a i):)int freee.h from all p.ossihle 
root clogging, the comstanl danger to French drains in cemetery 
work. If this plan (No. l) is adopted in cemeteries having clay 
.soil, it is very imjvortant that enough laterals he laid to ])rovide 
sufficient outlets for all future grave drainage .systems. Having 
considered the various details of the dra'nage .systems, which 
ought to he perfected whether the roads are macadamized or not 
let us discuss the next essential of good road constr.mtion, 
namely, a .solid foundation. 
Only two methods are u.sed hy modern engineers, the Tel- 
ford macadam or the Macadam plan, and in either form of con- 
struction, uniformity in the sizes of material used, produce the 
1 est results. All materials are not serviceable for both of the 
al ove meuticned plans, hut a safe rule to follow would he to u.se 
the softer .stones in the Telford work and only the hard material 
in Macadam construction. Nature has provided every locality 
with material serviceable for road jvurpo.ses and all of the follow- 
ing have been successfully u.sed. The various limestones vary- 
ing in hardness from chalk to marble and Medina stone, the 
granites, including cpiartzite and .syenite, trap rock, including 
basalt and dolerite, common boulder stone, cobble stone, hill 
stone and sandstone, and, where obtainable .scoria or slag, all 
make excellent road building mater al. Although many engin- 
eers recommend roads less than one foot in thicknes.s, in a cli- 
mate where the fro.st line extends from 12 to 30 inches into the 
ground, a roa<l less than 12 incher thick is a verv uncertain 
e.xperiment. and can never surface properly under the great 
amount of rolling nece,ssarv in building modern macadam. 
The following re])resentations indicate the most a])proved 
methods now used in Telford and Macadam roads, planned 
heavy enough for the heaviest travel. 
The specifications governing good Telford construction 
*A Papjr re-iJ at the ClevelanJ Convention of the As.vocijticn of Ameiican 
Cemetery fvupenntenients, September, 1900. By W. H. Evers, Ct uity Surveyor, 
Cleveland, O. 
must provide a solid subgrade thoroughly compacted, rolled and 
sloped so as to drain all seapage water toward the French 
diains. All material used in Telford work must be of uniform 
size, closely set with large ends down and grain of material 
running perpendicular to the bed, and after being in place, all 
surface projections to be broken off and interstices to be filled 
with spawls of the same material. This form of construction in 
the foundation constitutes the only distinction between Telford 
and Macadam road building. The above Telford foundation 
must be thoroughly rolled by a steam roller weighing at least 12 
ton until the foundation stones are well knitted together and 
until there is no settlement under the moving roller. 
If the Macadam plan is adopted, the specifications to assure 
proper construction, mu.st prepare the sub-grades as above de- 
scribed and then provide the spreading of a course of material 
of a very uniform size of not le.ss than 2 14 inch mesh for thick- 
ness at least times the depth required in the plan for the 
depth of foundation desired, and to be spread .so that the crown 
shall conform to the crown of the finished road. This founda- 
thon material must then be thoroughly rolled with a steam roller 
weighing at least 12 ton until same is compact and until there 
is no jverceptible .settlement under the moving roller. Exper- 
ience shows that it requires about twelve inches of crude ma- 
terial to build uj) 8 inches of rolled foundation. 
.\fter the foundations have been thus prepared, the comple- 
tion of both Telford and Macadam roads are identical. A cour.se 
of material of a one inch mesh (preferable a material having 
cementing qualities) is .spread over the foundation and is thor- 
ough! v sprinkled and rolled with a steam roller until the .surface 
pre-ents a smooth, hard, even surface. In this macadam dress- 
ing vou will find that the work will require a course of crude 
material at least seven inches thick to obtain a course 4 inches 
in thickness after the rolling. Although macadam constructed 
to this point is often cons’dered complete, and is used as such, 
as we find the same in miles of stone road in all sections of our 
country, vet 1 5 .secure a clean road free from dust, ruts, mud and 
water, such as is absolutely nece.ssarv' to preserve the landscape 
l.eauties so much sought in our modern cemeteries, it becomes 
necessary to provide the thi'd essential to modern road build- 
ing, a clean, hard, wearing surface. 
Nature has ])'ovided an ideal rock for this purpose, and 
although the same is perhaps the toughest stone known, if 
properly handled it wi 1 make a clean, smooth and almost 
noiseless wearing surface, practica’ly free from dust and its dis- 
agreeable consequences, such as ruts, mud and water. 
The best top dressing materials are the various trap rocks, 
preferably Lake Superior trap rock, which should be spr ad as 
follows; ITpon the bed as prepared above, spread an even 
course of trap of a uniform one inch mesh to a depth of two 
