PARK AND CEMETERY. 
280 
io the City Council between the chairman of the 
committee and Mr. Brocklehurst, the ex-prisoner, 
A PUBLIC MEETING IN BOGGART KOBE CLOUGH, 
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND. 
Mr. Brocklehurst was elected and the right of meet- 
ing in the park was considered to be thus amply 
vindicated. 
OLD ENGLISH GARDENS.* 
( Continued from last issue. ) 
The kitchen-court is en'irely for the use of trades- 
people, and for the accommodation of kitchen service. 
It may sometimes serve as a drying-yard, though th's 
is generally separate. It is, therefore, paved or 
gravelled throughout, to be dry underfoot, and to allow 
the free handling of wagons. This is the noisy and 
disagreeable part of the establishment, and it is 
considered essential that it should be removed as far 
as possible from the main house, and as much shut off. ^ 
Service is brought to much greater perfection iff'"'" 
England, so that distances which to a housekeeper here 
would seem impossible are deliberately planned for, 
that offices and service yards may be out of sight, 
smell, and hearing. Generally the kitchen-court is 
shut off by part of the house itself, or, if this is not 
possible, it is screened by high walls. The drying- 
ground is generally more open and sunny, and not 
infrequently clothes are dried on the ground instead 
of hung onlines, so that the drying ground may be a 
pleasant piece of turf, not unsightly even when covered 
with the white linen. Thus in meeting the needs of 
approaches to the house the two courts are developed. 
Before taking up in detail the needs which decide 
the character of the grounds more removed from the 
house, it will be well to point out that the English 
invariably carry into their grounds the same desire for 
privacy and separation which is noticeable in the house. 
O.ie has already remarked the careful separation of 
the kitchen and offices from the master’s quarters; one 
will find similar sepa'ation between other parts of the 
household and between individual rooms. The 
nurseries are apart, the master’s own rooms are apart, 
M paper by R. Clipston SUirgis. P. A. I. A. .read before the Tliirty-fourth 
Annual Conventitm of the A. 1. A. 
the guest rooms are apart, and finally, except in suites 
of rooms used only for entertainment, the individual 
rooms are well divided from each other. This same 
principle underlies the garden plan. The place is 
considered as an out door houm. The gr mnds are 
divided up according to their use, and each portion 
has its well-established boundaries. 
In a place of even an acre or two the first 
consideration is what can be got from the land in the 
way of actual return, and the space for a kitchen-garden 
is almost the first consideration. The demands of 
pleasure may march side by side with it, but it is very 
rare to find a man laying out h's place with no thought 
of anything but beauty and pleasure. One may there- 
fore be justified in considering the kitchen-garden as 
the most prominent necessity after the approaches. 
This garden m'.ist be near the house and near the 
kitchen and the gardener’s house, and yet not too 
evident. It is never, however, treated as an unsightly 
part of the establishment, and indeed there are many 
kitchen-gardens which are quite delightful spots in 
which to ramble. A garden at Wells has dwarf espalier 
apples bordering its paths, beautiful fruit trees on its 
fine old walls, standard r -ses marking the lines of some 
of its paths, and the flowers and fruit helped rather than 
hurt by the peas and beans, the splendid blue-green of 
the cabbage tribe, and the rich brown of the turned-over 
soil. As the kitchen-garden is to be an apartment by 
itself, as it were, it is bounded, and at the same time 
protected, by walls. Large gardens would be sub 
divided, and one might And separate gardens for herbs, 
for small fruits, for roots and for the more quick grow- 
ing crops such as beans and peas. The necessary 
water is made use of as an interesting feature. Water 
which has lain in the sun is better than cold well-water 
or water just from the town mains, so one generally 
finds a good-sized basin making an interesting pool in 
the garden. A proper place for tools creates a garden- 
house, frequently quite a delightful feature, and the 
greenhouse, hot-beds, cold frames, bins for leaves, and 
all such accessories of garden-work are made to lend 
interest to the kitchen-garden and give it the air of 
order which is characteristic of all English work. The 
desire to make the most of every scrap of ground 
induces the utmost care in getting all that is possible 
out of smallest compass. The walls, as well as the 
ground, must yield their increase, an-d all must be in 
compact form. This has produced the many forms of 
dwarf trees which add interest to the garden, and the 
careful rotation of crops, and following of crops in the 
same season which increase the appearance of care 
and thoroughness. 
Flowers are so interwoven with the kitchen-garden, 
part of which is generally occupied by the varieties 
which are more useful for cutting than for their beauty 
out-of-doors, as to lead one ‘.o the consideration of the 
flower-garden as the next need to be satisfied. The 
flowers one might divide under three heads: roses, 
p.rennials, annuals. 1 his is, of course, a very primitive 
division, but those three are represented in every 
English garden; and the three, as befits their different 
