Park and cemetery. 
281 
characteristics, are generally separated, and one has the 
rose-garden, the perennial bed, or borders, and the 
parterre of annuals. Roses are the special pride of the 
English gardener, and with climbers, standard and low- 
budded roses, and all the varieties of briars, almost any- 
thing can be done with the rose-garden. Like other 
parts of the place, it is enclosed with walls or hedge. 
The perennials being, like the roses, permanent occu-. 
piers of the ground, are placed in deep rich beds, and 
for convenience, both of tending and picking, are 
frequently in long narrow borders against the walls. 
This gives the tall-growing plants the support and 
protection of the wall, and leaves room for the various 
smaller varieties in the edge. Such a long border, with 
perhaps a hedged walk or a bowling-green running the 
length of it, is a familiar and most charming feature. 
The annuals are in small beds often bordered with dwarf 
box, so that the regular outline of the beds may be 
pleasing even when the beds themselves are empty. To 
reach the gardens and to enjoy them when there, one 
finds pleasant walks, some shady, perhaps completely 
embowered, others sunny, for use on cold days; also 
seals and garden-houses. 
In laying out all this there is generally a double aim, 
first to give, by occasional long vistas, a sense of size, 
and second, by screened enclosures and half concealed 
exits, a sense of privacy, and a stimulus to the imagina- 
tion for what lies beyond. In the most interesting 
gardens the element of the unexpected is always present, 
and the fact that it cannot be a surprise to the owner 
does not really detract from its value; for every visitor 
it IS a source of delight, new pleasures still unfolding 
until the last surprise of the round is in finding one’s 
self back again at the starting-place. 
Ai chitcctural laws demand a certain amount of 
level space immediately about the house, and various 
spots require level ground farther afield. The bowling- 
green, croquet-ground and lawn-tennis courts have 
formed at one time or another necessary parts in the 
1 yout of even a small place. These flat pieces of the 
splendid turf which is so common in England are 
among the most beautiful features of the English garden. 
Here, again, the love for retirement suggests enclosing 
walls or hedges, so that the court, or the green, is really 
a great out-of-door room, with garden-seats and bend es 
about, or perhaps, in the more stately ones, busts on 
plinths, in Italian fashion, set against the sombre green 
of the yew hedge. Again, one sees that this feature is 
produced in direct response to a need. 
Level ground cannot always be obtained naturally, 
and the need of it has developed the terraces which 
abound in the hilly districts. These may be the mere 
formal treatment of the platform on which the house 
securely rests, or they may form the various divisions 
of the hillside garden; or, again, surrounding a sunken 
garden, they may give the pleasant walk, and that most 
delightful of all views which one gets of a small garden — 
the view looking down. All of the features hitherto 
considered may be worked out on a ground work of 
terraces, and these possibilities as well as their charms 
are endless. 
Sedding well said that however much we were re" 
fined and cultivated there was always an underlying 
savagery which at times demanded satisfaction. One 
must tire of the sure mark of man’s hand and long for 
nature unrestrained — the wide seaboard and the rude 
forest. So one finds in almost every English place of 
any size some wilderness, some copse, o- coombe, 
which shall be left free and wild as, at the least, a 
reminder of nature quite free. But the transition from 
the cultivated aspect of nature to its wilder form must 
be gradual; one does not want to open the garden gate 
in the wall and be in the forest. Between the two one 
finds the pasture lands, rolling, sheep-cropped fields 
bordered, not with the masonry wall or the clipped 
hedge, but with the wi'd hedgerow, thick with thorn and 
holly and punctuated with the upstanding elms. From 
the pastures to the copse and the woodland the transition 
is easy. 
Thus, the English gaiden has its forecourt and base- 
court; its gardens for fruit, vegetables and flowers; its 
places for sport and recreation, and to guard and 
protect all these from searching winds and prying eyes, 
the boundaries, the divisions, the walls and the hedges. 
The walls, especially these near the house, are always 
in close touch with the house itself — stone with the 
stone house, brick with the brick one, and, in their 
ornament, balustrades, gateways, posts, coping and 
finials, echoing the character of the house. As one goes 
farther from the house, the walls are less architectural 
and more purely utilitarian; the boundary wall of the 
place, or the north or east wall of the garden may be 
ten or twelve feet high, for it is to serve as a real 
protection; others may be but two or three feet high, 
mere boundaries to mark a line. The hedge is, perhaps, 
the commonest bound of all, and this varies from the 
rough pasture hedge row, to the clipped yew, or holly, 
or box. The fancy clipping of hedges and individual 
trees was an importation from Holland, and at one 
time was very popular. There are many examples of 
topiary work in the older gardens, but to-day clipped 
work is rather more sober and, on the whole, more in 
keeping with the common sense beauty of the English 
garden. 
Shrubs are rarely seen as individual show-plants, 
but are generally massed and placed with some special 
end in view beyond and apart from their mere beauty. 
They will serve to screen the office or the kitchen-yard 
or to make a wind break for more delicate things grow- 
ing on the borders of the lawn. Trees also are used 
very cautiously as individual specimens. Occasionally 
a great plane-tree or an ilex stands in lonely grandeur 
at the edge of the lawn, but as a rule the trees are plant- 
ed in groups to serve definite purposes. Sometimes to 
shut out an undesirable view, sometimes to form a vista 
towards a pleasant scene. Again, a group of elms at 
the end of the place may simply serve as a background — 
a great drop-scene which finishes the view and leaves 
one in doubt as to how much more there may be beyond. 
Many a small place of. two or three acres gives an im- 
pression at once of seclusion and of size, because the 
great trees prevent one’s seeing what lies beyond. 'J lie 
