PARK AND CEMETERY 
59 
If we were asked to submit a few of some of the 
best and most useful coniferous evergreens, they would 
be about as follows: For pines; Pinus strobus, P. res- 
inosa, P. ponderosa, P. cembra, P. excelsa, and P. 
Mughus. For effective shelter belts there is hardly any- 
thing better than the Austrian and Scotch Pines. 
Among Firs, Abies Nordmanniana, A. Cephalon- 
ica, A. concolor, and A. brachyphylla. A few of the 
best Spruces are are Picea Engelmanni, P. pungens, P. 
Omorika, P. alba, and its varieties, P. rubra, and P. 
mariana. Most of the varieties of the Thuya occiden- 
talis are useful. Among Yews, Taxus cuspidata and 
T. Canadensis are the best. The English Yew is not 
of much account north of New York City. Among 
Junipers; Juniperus Virginica and its varieties, J. 
Chinensis, J. Japonica, J. Suecica, J. Sabina, J. pros- 
trata, and J. squamata. 
CEMETERY WATER SUPPLY. 
By W. N. Rudd. 
It will hardly be denied that an abundant supply of 
good water well distributed through the grounds in 
pipes of sufficient size, and delivered under a good 
pressure, is an essential in every cemetery, both from 
the standpoint of the lot owner and that of the man- 
agers. A complete and effective system of water sup- 
ply should be provided at as early a stage in the de- 
velopment of the grounds as possible. Proportionately 
heavy expenditures to secure an abundant supply, and 
to carry it to all parts of the grounds, will be justified, 
as the sums cheerfully paid by lot owners for water- 
ing flowers and grass will, in nearly all cases, not only 
pay for operation and maintenance, but will in a few 
years repay the original cost of the plant. In addi- 
tion to the direct money returns the increased beauty 
of well-watered grounds during the hot, dry season, 
and the saving in labor by having the hydrants near 
all points which may require watering, are items to 
also be given weight. If, however, economy must be 
practiced, let it be in the way of leaving out a portion 
of the pipes and hydrants entirely, rather than in les- 
sening their size or in decreasing the supply or the 
pressure. Additional pipes can be readily laid at any 
time when funds are available, while pipes that are 
too small will soon have to be abandoned because of 
the serious daily waste of laborer’s time in their use. 
The amount of water required will of course depend 
largely on the extent of the grounds, while the source 
from which it is obtained will depend upon natural 
conditions. Fortunate indeed is the cemetery which 
can obtain its water from a running stream or pond, 
and a flowing artesian well, while the water is not 
generally so good in quality, is a valuable possession. 
The most expensive system to operate will be that in 
which the water level in the wells is below the reach 
of suction by a surface pump. 
A reservoir of some kind must be provided, its size 
being dependent on the amount of the supply, the man- 
ner of pumping, and the amount used. The ideal reser- 
voir would be a large one, located upon a hill fifty or 
more feet above the general surface of the grounds, 
but recourse must generally be had to an elevated 
tank, although they are exceedingly ugly features in 
the landscape. The tank and tower should both be 
of steel if possible. Next to steel a tank of air dried 
cypress, free from sap, is best, and a well-designed 
and well-built wooden tower will last many years if the 
stone foundations are carried well above the ground 
so that the posts do not decay at the base. The upper 
portion of a wooden tower should never be built solid, 
or closed in, as there is always, from a wooden tank, 
more or less dampness, and if the air and sun can not 
reach all parts the timbers will soon rot. 
Where the supply is large and steam or gasoline 
pumps are used, a pressure tank can be installed, and 
the expense will probably not be greater than that of 
an elevated tank and tower. This tank can be placed 
upon the ground, and while the expense of operating 
will perhaps be more, the unsightly tower is done away 
with. 
It should be borne in mind that a tank full of water 
is very heavy, and the tower must be strong and well 
braced. The tower should be placed, if possible, upon 
the highest ground, and should not be less than fifty 
feet high. A high water pressure enables the laborer 
to do the required work in less time and makes an 
appreciable saving in expense. 
When water is obtained from a flowing stream with 
a good current there is probably no pump so cheap and 
efficient as a hydraulic ram. It requires a large reser- 
voir or tank capacity, however. 
The modern steel wind mill is a very cheap and 
powerful engine, and can be operated with almost no 
expense. There are times when for many days there 
is little or no wind, and this, too, generally at the sea- 
son when the greatest amount of water is needed. 
The tank or reservoir therefore must be very large, so 
that a supply sufficient for many days may be accumu- 
lated. This renders them impracticable except when 
the amount of water used daily is quite small, besides 
which, they are more or less unsightly. A gasoline 
engine can, however, be installed as an auxiliary to be 
used when the wind fails. 
In very large cemeteries where an immense amount 
of water is used a modem steam pumping plant may be 
installed, but this requires a competent engineer to 
give his whole time to the work. 
A first-class gasoline engine (there are many poor 
ones on the market) has many advantages, especially 
in the smaller sizes, say up to six or eight horse power, 
and perhaps higher. They can be operated by any in- 
telligent laborer ; they are almost instantly started, 
and require practically no attention, so that the man in 
