60 
PARK AND CEMETERY 
charge can be occupied with other work. They con- 
sume no fuel while not operating and the cost for fuel 
is very small. The steam engine requires more skill 
on the part of the operator ; it requires his entire time 
and attention while running ; time and fuel are lost 
in getting up steam, and fuel in the boiler is wasted 
when the engine is stopped. The writer is inclined to 
think from his own experience that in most cases the 
actual cost of gasoline consumed in a first-class gaso- 
line engine as used in a cemetery is less than the coal 
consumed by a steam engine. 
The pump to be used will depend, again, upon the 
source of supply. When the suction is not over twenty 
feet, perhaps there is nothing so good as a triplex 
pump for most conditions. The writer confesses to a 
prejudice for a belt connected pump over one con- 
nected by clutch or gear. An obstruction in the former 
will generally cause the belt to slip or fly ofif, while in 
the latter something will break. A duplex steam pump 
is simple and easily operated, but where there are many 
tools to be kept in order a good large grindstone op- 
erated by the engine will more than pay for the addi- 
tional cost, and there are many other tools that can 
be profitably installed and operated by it. In case the 
suction is greater than twenty feet an excavation can 
often be made and the pump lowered to suction dis- 
tance. 
Where the water level is so low as to prevent the use 
of the triplex or other common form of pump, a deep 
well pumping barrel operated by a differential pump- 
ing head will generally be used. The air lift pump 
operated by an air compressor will force more water 
from a small, deep well than any other device ; but it 
is very expensive in operation. In most cases it will 
be advisable to sink a second well and install another 
pump which can Ire operated by the same engine, rather 
than to use the air lift. 
The plans for piping the grounds will require a 
great deal of careful study. The cost of each size of 
pipe laid in the ground should be ascertained, and the 
cost of the larger fittings and valves. A preliminary 
plan can then be made and the cost figured. Further 
study will undoubtedly show many changes which can 
be made which will lessen the cost without decreasing 
the efficiency. All pipe three inches in diameter or over 
should be cast-iron. It should be borne in mind that 
a four-inch pipe, if heavy, can be tapped and drilled 
for three-quarter inch connections, and a six-inch pipe 
for one inch, thus saving many expensive fittings. The 
capacity of pipes is practically proportionate to the 
square of their internal diameters, so that a one-inch 
pipe has about double the capacity of a three-quarter 
inch pipe, and six-inch considerably more than twice 
that of four-inch. 
Where two systems of hydrants can be installed, one 
for hose and the other for use with the watering cans, 
the former can be made for one and one-half inch hose, 
by which means large areas can be watered very quick- 
ly. This requires larger terminal pipes and more costly 
valves and fittings, and greatly increases the expense. 
When the same hydrants are used for both purposes 
one-inch will probably be the best size. These can 
be made very cheaply by an upright piece of pipe and 
an ell at the top into which is secured a one-inch fuller 
bib cock with a hose thread. They should have a 
square head, so that they can only be opened with a 
wrench, otherwise they will constantly be left open by 
the carelessness of visitors. 
The writer does not use cocks requiring several 
turns of the handle to open or close, as the packing 
wears quickly and they require frequent attention to 
prevent leaks, besides taking more time to open and 
close. The common bib with a ground plug is ex- 
panded and ruined by a very light frost such as fre- 
quently occurs quite late in the spring. The fuller 
bibs are closed by a rubber ball which can be quickly 
and easily replaced when worn and they open by a half 
turn of the handle. 
At intervals the ell can whenever necessary be 
replaced by a reducing tee into one side of which 
the bib cock is secured and into the other a five-eighths 
inch self-closing cock for public use. Under the latter 
should be placed a cesspool, made by sinking a nine- 
inch glazed tile vertically flush with the sod, into the 
bell being placed an iron grate. The hydrants should 
be spaced about ninety feet apart, which will enable 
the workmen to reach all parts of the ground with a 
fifty-foot hose. The loss of time, and wear and tear 
in dragging long lengths of hose around the grounds 
is very great, while one-inch pipe is very cheap, and 
the hydrants described are not expensive. 
The pipes will be laid in the planting spaces along 
the drives and in the walks, never under the paved 
roads when it can be avoided. As they are not in use 
in winter, they can be drained in the fall, which will 
permit of their being laid very shallow. About one 
foot of cover for the mains and six inches for the lat- 
erals will be sufficient. They will have to be laid very 
carefully to grade and drain cocks put in on the under 
side at all low points. These can be tapped into the 
cast-iron pipes and should be three-quarter inch heavy 
steam cocks. These can be carried out to one side of 
the pipe by means of a short piece of extra heavy three- 
quarter inch pipe leading through the side of an eight- 
inch glazed tile set vertically in the ground, hell down, 
flush with the sod and covered with an iron cover. 
The same tiles and covers can be used to set over all 
shut off valves, cutting off the tile when necessary. 
The cast-iron pipe should be heavy. It costs but 
little more, is stronger and more durable, and receives 
the taps better. There should be no sharp bends in the 
pipe, but all turns should be made with long curves. 
All fittings for screwed pipe should be what is known 
as long sweep fittings, in order to reduce friction as 
