PARK AND CEMETERY 
61 
much as possible. Shut off valves should be the very 
best quality of gate valves, allowing a full water way, 
and should be placed in every branch as it leaves the 
main, as well as at about five hundred foot intervals 
in the main itself. If black steel pipe is used in the 
sizes under three inches it should be well painted with 
a good mineral paint, and after being screwed together 
the threads and places where the wrenches have scraped 
the paint off should be touched up with thick paint. 
Everything should be tested by pumping in water to a 
pressure of, preferably, one hundred pounds before 
being covered. The pipe leading from the t^nk to the 
ground should be steel and be provided with a shut off 
in some accessible place, and the pump should be so 
piped that pumping can be done into the tank, or into 
the mains, as desired. Steel pipe is mentioned be- 
cause it is difficult to get anything else now, although 
a good grade of wrought iron pipe is better and more 
durable. 
The tools and materials needed will be, jute rope and 
lead for cast-iron pipe joints, pouring rings for the 
different sizes, yarning and calking irons, a heavy 
hammer, a pouring ladle, a melting pot, a twenty-four 
inch pipe wrench (the “trimo” is a good one), a sixteen 
inch pipe wrench, two pipe cutters, a solid die pipe 
threader with lead screw, a screw wrench, a one-inch 
and a three-quarter pipe tap, a ratchet drill and drills 
for the pipe taps, and a crow for the ratchet drill. 
A careful list should be made of the locations of all 
drain cocks and hydrants, and in the fall a trustzvorthy 
man should be sent to open the drains and take off all 
cocks, inserting in place of the latter iron screw plugs. 
A Well-Kept Cemetery. 
By James MacPherson. 
Wodlawn Cemetery, New York City, was in superb 
trim during the middle of May in spite of the unusual 
drought. My first question at the office was whether the 
superintendent was a gardener. Mr. Diering afterwards 
informed me that his father, now retired, was so, and no 
doubt this explains the fine keeping and method every- 
where so striking. I met with one gang of seven or 
eight men with the old reliable roller mowers, SO' much 
used in Westchester County because of their handiness 
along road edges. I suppose there were other gangs, 
for there are over two hundred acres buried over and 
developed and another similar block being prepared. 
The work is most thoroughly done, the abundant stone 
blasted out and used in the roadways to begin with. As- 
phalt gutters are used along the roadways, and it is in- 
teresting to see how constantly the clever Italian labor- 
ers used them as sidewalks. A shallow three-foot-wide 
gutter might, in fact, easily combine a sidewalk. As- 
phalt combines well in color with the crushed limestone 
so often used in the East, and the quality is deteriorat- 
ing either because of the tariff on the Trinidad product 
or for some other reason. The' limestone and asphalt 
colors are abominable and surfacings might easily be 
of dull orange gravels, and the guttered sidewalks of a 
similar shade of artificial stone. These materials are 
used in a park near where I write, but it is safe to say 
that walks were never made in such shape before. They 
are about as comfortable to walk on as a big iron pipe 
which in section they resemble, and as for the gut- 
ters, they were absolutely needless, for the walk re- 
ferred to has a grade of i foot in 16 or thereabouts and 
would, of course, carry off all water. But nothing 
other than jobbery can be expected in a public park 
with amateur commissioners and superintendents. 
It is refreshing to see a contrast in management 
such as I have referred to at Woodlawn Cemetery oc- 
casionally. It is remarkable there, too, what a very 
large representation of hardy trees, shrubs and herbs 
have been gotten together by the multitude of lot own- 
ers. 
Rhododendrons were superb and unusually early. 
Viburnum tomentosum occurred in tree form and as 
VIEWS IN WOODLAWN CEMETERY, NEW YORK CITY. 
it flowered abundantly was very striking. A large 
number of fine spireas were also in evidence with occa- 
sional laburnums, tree paeonias, Deutzias, Tamarix, 
and most of the early flowering herbs. Mr. Diering 
informed me that with his extensive construction work, 
and the large amount of watering necessary he had a 
force of about 240 men going. 
