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PARK AND CEMETERY 
Garden Plants— THeir Geography — XCII 
Conifer ales Continued. 
Juniperus . — The junipers have 30 species, mostly all 
of which vary greatly. They are natives of the tem- 
perate and subtropical regions of a great part of the 
Northern hemisphere. All are evergreen and vary from 
trees of 100 feet or more down to humble foot-high 
‘mountain yews,” as the Highlanders call them. 
They are commonly included as a sub-tribe under 
cupresseae, which I suppose is correct in a pedagogical 
sense. They have berry-cones, however, varying in 
JUNIPERES VIRGINIAN A. 
size and in color from yellowish to reddish and purple 
overlaid with glaucous bloom. 
I think instead of using such a maze of tribal words 
for the few genera of fleshv-coned conifers it would 
he an improvement to include them under some such 
term as Drupaceae, for instance, for their so-called ber- 
ries are an obviously good character and generic de- 
scriptions ought to suffice for the explanation of their 
structural differences. 
Anyway when planting a pinetum in the Northern 
States it is convenient to use the common red junipers 
as sheltering plants for the few yews which may be 
grown. Southward more genera can be used, but 
even there the tree junipers are useful, because they 
afford more variety to the groups and plantations. Ju- 
niper seed is often slow to germinate ; it is best fresh 
and sown as soon as may be in the fall ; some at any 
rate soak it to rid it of pulp and avoid the stratifying 
process, but in spite of all it will often lay two or three 
years and grow irregularly. The variegated and other 
varieties are of course propagated by cuttings, layers or 
grafts. Some species are bard to transplant and de- 
mand both care and perseverance. The common “red 
cedar” is by no means the least easy; often, however, 
young plants can be collected abundantly and in great 
variety of form and color. It is so hardy and useful 
as a coast plant that it should be attempted more fre- 
quently. There are a great many named forms, golden, 
silvery, variegated, glaucous, pendulous, plumose and 
dwarf, and most of these are hardy. The “red cedars” 
at the south often attain from 50 to 80 feet in height 
and become nearly as tabulated as true cedars. This J. 
Virginiana is found over most of the states, except 
those to the west and northwest of Arizona and Utah — 
practically the Pacific slope. According to the Kew 
Guides, however, it is found northwest in Vancouver, 
and south to Jamaica, but whether native or adventive 
is not stated. A 70-foot specimen used to be at Studley 
Royal, England, and may be there still. The nearly 
allied J. Bermudiana has been well nigh exterminated, 
but some claim it is common in the Bahamas and 
Florida. It is used for cedar pencils. No doubt 
it would be easy enough to connect it with J. Vir- 
giniana. The true form is tender north as a rule, 
and it is surprising to find it mentioned as hardy at 
Ottawa. J. Chinensis in several forms is found from 
the Himalayas, through Thibet and North China, to 
Japan. On the Himalayas it attains to 60 or 70 feet, but 
in cultivation only about half that height. The male 
plants are most commonly propagated, as they have the 
best habit. The variety called aurea is a handsome 
plant of good colour, but in common with some other 
junipers subject to red spider in hot, dry places. It 
is returned as only half-hardy from Ottawa, though 
most others of this species are hardy. J. rigida is 
found on the Japanese mountains up to altitudes of 
3,500 feet. It also is marked hardv at Ottawa. J. 
sphaerica is North Chinese, grows into a fair sized tree 
in its own country, has glaucous forms, and is hardy at 
Ottawa. J. recurva is Himalayan, and in Scotland has 
attained to about 35 feet high. It usually has recurved 
or pendulous branches and is hardy in New York. The 
variety squamata is hardy at Ottawa, probably because 
it keeps beneath the snow. James MacPherson. 
