24 
PARK AND CEMETERY 
help to her in teaching nature study if she could have 
a small plot in which to grow spring bulbs, seeds, etc., 
instead of relying wholly upon the methods of ger- 
mination now used. Certainly the methods of teach- 
A CORNER, SHOWING PEANTiNG AND FLOWERBED. 
ing have advanced in the last ten or fifteen years, and 
why should not the surroundings of the school con- 
tribute in its silent way to the better and larger 
growth of the child. Impressions in childhood of 
pleasant surroundings will surely develop the larger 
mind and sympathetic response to all improvements 
made by the city authorities or local societies. It is 
education by example. 
Herbert J. Kellaway. 
PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING METHODS IN THE 
SERVICE OF THE LANDSCAPE GARDENER, 
Photography has been applied on an extensive 
scale to surveys of rugged mountain regions in Italy 
and her colonial possessions and the west shore ol 
the Red Sea (Erythrea) under the auspices of the 
Military Geographical Institute, notably by L. P. 
Paganini; in France by Col. A. Laussedal, now direc- 
tor of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, by Com- 
mandants Javary, Moessard and Legros, Dr. Le Bon 
and others ; in Austria by Professors Steiner, Solezal, 
the Engineers Pollack, Hafferl and Lechner, Major 
Hubl and others ; in Germany by Dr. Meydenbaur, 
Dr. Doergens, Dr. Hauck, Dr. Vogel, Dr. Koppe, 
Dr. Finsterwalder, Dr. Pietsch, Prof. Jordan and 
others ; in Canada under Capt. E. Deville, Surveyor- 
General of Dominion Lands, and in the United States 
by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
The photographic surveying methods have also 
been successfully used by explorers, topographers, 
military engineers, meteorologists, archaeologists, 
geologists, hydrographers, etc. Surveys, made with 
the aid of photography, may be distinguished as fol- 
lows : 
Photogrammetry (or metrophotography) applies 
to the art of constructing and drawing the elevations 
and ground plans of buildings and architectural 
structures, based on perspective views or photographs 
of the same. Photogrammetry is often used by archi- 
tects when renovating old buildings and also wheil 
erecting new buildings, to obtain periodical records 
of the progress made with the building at stated time 
intervals ; by archaeologists for the pictorial record- 
ing of historical structures and monuments, to pre- 
serve their dimensions, as well as their general ap- 
pearance at the time of the survey. 
Phototopography (or topophotography) embraces 
all topographic surveys based on perspective (pho- 
tographic) views of the terrene. 
Photographic surveys embrace all surveys, based 
on photographic data, which do not include the oro- 
graphic development of the terrene. 
Iconometry (“icon” picture, and “metron” meas- 
ure) implies the measuring or the determination of 
dimensions of objects from their perspectives. This 
term may well be applied to the graphic constructions 
by means of which the perspective views are converted 
into horizontal (orthogonal) projections like ground- 
plans of buildings or maps of areas. Iconometry is 
the converse of perspective drawing, and it embraces 
the office work of a photographic and phototopo- 
graphic survey, when the plotting is done graphically. 
Generally speaking, the same methods are followed 
in phototopography as in plane-tabling, with the ex- 
ception that in the former the actual plane table work 
is done in the office instead of in the field as in th* 
latter. The iconometric draughtsman utilizes the per- 
spective views or photographs of the terrene which is 
to be mapped in the office, in a manner analogous to 
that in which the plane-tabler plots the topography in 
the field. It should always be borne in mind that 
is done in the office instead of in the field as in the 
closer sense, are primarily and essentially graphic 
arts, based upon graphic or pictorial records. In- 
strumental observations, together with the needea 
computations being required only to furnish such ele- 
ments as may be needed to make the graphic transpo- 
sitions, to convert the perspectives into orthogonal 
projections or plans, and also to obtain needed checks, 
or to secure a proper control for the work in its 
entirety. 
In both phototopography and plane-tabling the so- 
