PARK AND CEMETERY 
25 
called control points of the terrene-formations are 
mapped by means of visual rays or lines of direction, 
drawn from different stations to identical points, their 
cartographic positions being fixed as the points ol 
intersection of such lines, observed and plotted from 
different stations. 
With the plane-table such intersections are made 
by bisecting the objects or signals with the sighting- 
device of the alidade, and actually drawing the lines 
of direction observed from the occupied and plotted 
stations to such bisected points, upon the plane-table 
sheet. 
In phototopography the lines of direction to the 
various points, identified on different panorama views 
and selected for plotting are found by transposing 
linear measurements, taken from the views, which 
together with the constants of the surveying camera 
will enable the iconometrical draughtsman to locate 
graphically the lines of direction and plot the identi- 
fied points as intersections of their corresponding 
lines of direction. If the bearing of any well-defined 
point, shown on the panorama-view, from the camera 
station is known or plotted, then the bearing of, or 
the direction to, any other pictured point from the 
plotted station can be plotted iconometrically. 
The work of drawing in the horizontal contours, 
after a sufficient number of control points of the' ter- 
rene have been located on the chart (both in the geo- 
graphical and hypometrical sense) is done in precisely 
the same manner as when plane-tabling, except that 
the iconometric draughtsman may more frequently 
refer back to the pictured perspectives of the terrene, 
while the plane-tabler seldom will see the terrene 
again under the same conditions and never from the 
same point of view after once leaving one station 
unless the plane-tabler returns to reoccupy stations. 
The iconometric draughtsman studies the pano- 
rama views in the same way in the ofifice as the plane- 
tabler subjects the terrene, surrounding his station to 
a critical inspection to grasp its salient features and 
plot the characteristic terrene forms on the map to 
make the latter a faithful translation of the natural 
forms. 
The phototopographic surveying method is pe- 
culiarly well adapted to the needs of the landscape 
architect and gardener. It is particularly well adapted 
for making several designs or plans of the same place 
in order to show different treatments, with modifica- 
tions of the road systems, showing differences in eco- 
nomic and scenic effects when retaining more or less 
of the trees already standing for comparing and 
weighing results from different changes in terrene 
forms produced by more or less grading, etc. 
When making a phototopographic survey of an 
area to be improved by the landscape architect the 
latter will be in a position, after the field work has 
been accomplished, to make any number of prelimi- 
nary plots at his leisure in the office sufficiently accu- 
rate for comparative studies, by plotting only salient 
features of the terrene forms (including only such 
cultural and artificial details as he wishes to incor- 
porate in the particular design or plan) and, later, 
after a decision has been made which of the various 
schemes is to be adopted, a more detailed and accu- 
rate plan may be plotted, on a large scale if desired, 
from the original field records of the first and only 
survey. Subsequent visits to the ground for supply- 
ing additional measurements, as is so often the case 
when using the ordinary surveying methods, being 
entirely uncalled for, as all data are culled and gar- 
nered in the first survey if the camera stations were 
judiciously placed to give a full contour of the ter- 
rene. 
As with the plane-table, any desired degree of accu- 
racy in the phototopographic survey may be obtained 
simply by selecting the camera stations sufficiently 
close together to obtain a full control of all salient 
features. It may be stated generally that well- 
selected plane-table stations, for a given area, will also 
be good camera stations. 
J. A. Flemer. 
For those who are interested in phototopographic 
m.ethods the titles of a few works treating on that 
subject and published in different countries are given: 
“Photographic Surveying” — E. Deville, Ottawa, 
1895- 
“Photographic Surveying” — Henry A. Reed, John 
Wiley & Sons, New York. 
“Phototopographic Methods and Instruments” — 
Appendix No. 10, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Report for 1897. 
“LTconometrie et la Metrophotographie” — A. 
Laussedat, Annales du Conservatoire National des 
Arts et Metiers, 2d serie, 1892-93. 
“Conference de Metrophotographie” — A. Lausse- 
dat, Revue Scientifique, No. 26, I; No. 23, II; Pans, 
1894, No. 19 Rue des Saints-Peres. 
“Principes Fundamentaux de la Photogramme- 
trie” — E. Monet, Soc. d’Editions scient., Paris. 
“La Fotografia in Italia” — L. P. Paganini, Rivista 
Marittima, 1889. 
“Nuovi Appunti di Eototopografia” — L. P. Pa- 
ganini, Rivista Marittima, 1894. 
“Die Photographische Messkunst” — Prof. F. 
Schiffner, Halle, 1892. 
“Die Anwendung der Photographie in der Prak- 
tischen Messkuust” — E. Dolezal, Halle, and S. W. 
“Topografia Eotografica” — Ciriaca de Triarte & 
Leandro Navarro, Madrid, 39 Atocha, 1899. 
I believe that to make a country beautiful wilt do more 
than anything else to make its people happy and contented. 
Nothing will do more to encourage patriotism than to have 
the surroundings of our homes so attractive that they will be 
loved and admired. — O. C. Simonds. 
