PARK AND CEMETERY 
31 
After making sure of a well-proportioned mass 
of foliage that shall be effective as a whole, it is per- 
fectly legitimate to select material for its composition 
that, while suited to the conditions, shall supply a 
succession of bloom through spring, summer and 
early fall ; charming autumn color schemes ; and even 
pleasing winter effects. The skeletons of trees and 
shrubs as seen when denuded of foliage vary greatly 
and add much to the charm and to the interest of 
the garden in winter, and there are numerous trees 
and shrubs that bear highly ornamental fruits, some 
of which cling until midwinter, and others that have 
brilliantly colored bark. Evergreens are useful at all 
seasons. But the choice of evergreens should not 
phloxes in variety, but especially salmon-rose and 
white, and Japanese anemones, are among the lovely 
things that may be used in bold groups or more deli- 
cately, as their characteristics suggest, against the 
background of shrubbery. 
The placing of all flowers should be considered in 
relation to their background, and where there is no 
room for a background of shrubs, it is often possible 
to use vines instead. The immense and brilliant blos- 
soms of the oriental poppy are doubly attractive when 
seen against dark foliage or a stone wall covered with 
Japanese ampelopsis (Ampelopsis Veitchii) ; and the 
tall and stately candelabra-shaped spikes of creamy 
bells produced by yucca filamentosa are at their best 
GROUPING OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 
be limited to the few better known varieties, for there 
are others that are specially suitable for small 
grounds ; these include the dwarf Mugho pine, some 
of the finer Retinsporas, and a few broad-leaved ever- 
greens, notably box, berberis aquifolia (usually cata- 
logued as mahonia aquifolia), the leaves of which re- 
semble those of the holly tree and which take on rich 
reddish bronze tones at the approach of cold weather, 
and the common, but exceedingly useful and hand- 
some yucca filamentosa. 
It is an excellent plan to include hardy herbaceous 
perennials in such a border by introducing them 
among the smaller shrubs that will largely compose 
its inner edge. Irises in many shades and varied 
markings ; hardy ornamental grasses ; big, splendid 
oriental poppies; Funkias; beautiful, pale, and rich 
dark blue delphiniums (the perennial larkspurs) ; 
slender, graceful columbines ; great, heavy-headed 
peonies in deep crimson, pale rose and pure white; 
in contrast with a dark background of evergreens ; 
the early flowering magnolias are also seen best 
against such a foil. 
Bulbs, too, are indispensable, especially those of 
informal habit of growth, such as snowdrops, cro- 
cuses, narcissi in variety, and lilies. Snowdrops and 
crocuses are the first flowers of spring, and for that 
reason possess special charm ; and bulbous plants in 
general are celebrated for their elegance of form and 
beauty of coloring and are among the most satisfac- 
tory plants for amateurs. By using them along the 
inner borders of the boundary shrubberies, with a 
few crocuses scattered over the lawn, the first flush 
of spring will be visible from the windows and do 
wonders in shortening winter’s discontent. 
Vines are always graceful and picturesque and 
will redeem an otherwise stiff arrangement. They 
produce shade in less time than trees or shrubs, are 
generally pleasing in foliage and flower, and they 
