no 
PARK AND CEMETERY 
of the enthusiasm and admiration which the public 
justly gives to well constructed and nicely cared 
for grounds, the park architect and the city fathers 
see simply a plat of ground on which is to be dis- 
played natural beauty, over which the people are to 
roam gaining health and pleasure and growing in 
morality and ethical culture. But to obtain the most 
from our parks one must know more than one. Van 
Dyke in his valuable book on how to study a pic- 
ture, says not to study one but a thousand of can- 
vases. One never becomes a good judge of cattle by 
milking one cow. One may learn all manner of work 
in one park as they may learn the alphabet from one set 
of blocks, but to use the letters so as to express our 
thoughts and emotion, yes, more, to arrange them so 
that they may provoke thoughts and feelings in oth- 
ers one must know something beyond the letters of 
his childhood. So in park work ; we may know all 
the details of one park and not be able to write a 
line on the face of mother nature that will bring rest, 
peace or glory to another human being. 
An architect of cities is in a coming field of labor ; 
not a city architect to build its buildings, but one who 
constructs the city as a whole, determining the rela- 
tive proportions and locations of its different functions. 
Xot a call to lay out new cities, for it is the people 
and not the land that make the city, but a call for a 
man who has the capacity to take in the existing con- 
ditions with the possibilities they present. Ruskin 
says, “Architecture does not begin until the utility 
of the structure has been provided for,” so the archi- 
tect of the city has no call until the city itself has 
been estal)lished. The arts are ljut different methods 
of expressing the love of the Creator for his creatures, 
of man toward his fellow' being and this art will be 
no exception. 
STREET TREES,— IV, 
Close spacing of trees is perhaps mainly due to 
the sometimes justifiable desire of obtaining an early 
effect. We should prefer to ignore that desire for the 
ultimate welfare and enhanced beauty of trees planted 
at a suitable distance from one another. This im- 
plies the eventual intermingling of branches. Ex- 
tremes would be isolated specimens in one case and 
crowding in another. An alternative is to plant two 
sorts alternately — one being intended as a permanent 
and the other as a temporary tree. A common com- 
bination is that of American Elms and Sugar maples. 
This combination is decidedly objectionable for the 
reason that where elms thrive maples usually will and 
when both have grown to a large size they are not al- 
ways removed because the original intention is forgot- 
ten, ignored or the empowered person has insuffi- 
cient courage or too great a fear of the onus of criti- 
cism by an ill-advised or wrongly impressed public 
clamoring to remove him from office. Where the alter- 
nate planting of two sorts is warranted they should be 
like those of hornbeams and elms — for the reason that 
one would serve merely as a sort of undergrowth 
to the other without contending for predominance. 
Strife of sorts which are about equally matched in 
power of surviving when in juxtaposition usually re- 
sults in the serious or even permanent injury or dis- 
figurement of both. For a desirable combina- 
tion, one sort may be a species like a willow, 
which will easily succumb to the crowding, shade, 
dust, residue, and dryness to which street trees 
are subjected. It is probable that before permanent 
injury would be done by crowding a willow would 
die or become so unsightly and dangerous that its 
removal would be certain and could be done without 
protest. Poplars are sometimes utilized for this pur- 
pose, and calculation is made upon their destruction 
by borers. Reliance upon that agency is sometimes 
unsafe. Borers are thereby ajffi to attack the per- 
manent trees after the temporary sorts are destroyed. 
Where alternative trees must be included and are 
likely to injure the permanent trees, it may be prefer- 
able to plant for this purpose the Bolleana or Lom- 
bardy Poplars because their spread is not so great. 
These may also be used to gratify the wishes of 
authoritative persons inadvisably insisting upon close 
planting. When planted with that purpose they would 
be merely a harmless expedient rather than trees pos- 
sessed of remarkable shade rendering qualities. In 
any case they should be removed before or soon after 
they are attacked by borers. 
With the intention of making these remarks apply 
to the eastern half of the United States they cannot 
well be reduced to the concrete of stating actual 
distances apart at which certain sorts v/ould best be 
planted ; thus : Were American elms planted in the Con- 
necticut valley 75 or 80 feet apart would be none too 
far to insure their characteristic tall Y-shaped outlines 
developing into their looked-for typical aspect at ma- 
turity. The hornbeam in that vicinity would be some- 
what straggly, loose and irregular. In Kansas or in 
(Oklahoma one would plant the same elm 50 or 60 
feet apart arid expect a more compact, globular head 
and lower growth in the elm and a taller, wider 
spreading, more symmetrical and denser growth in 
the hornbeam. 
Old trees often exist in the streets and if 
their shade and individual beauty warrant they 
should remain. It is generally much to be preferred 
to omit additional planting upon such streets if only 
the gaps are to be filled. Uniformity in outline justi- 
fies stringent measures and to secure it one should 
not brook interference by the usual strong public sen- 
timent expressed in favor of retaining old specimens 
upon streets to be planted with young trees. 
Width and alignment of a street will influence the 
sort best adapted to the circumstances, as also the 
spacing. 
The quincunx arrangement is adapted to curved 
and narrow streets and the opposite arrangement to 
wide and straight streets. ( 
In New England the Western Plane is frequently 
eschewed in favor of the Oriental species, whereas 
