PARK AND CEMETERY. 
180 
the total functional efificiejicy of the roots. Natural de- 
velopment would at least partially arrange a proper 
Ijalance between the subsequent bud and root develop- 
ment as might be observed in shorter growths, smaller 
leaves, thinner crown, etc. But to safeguard against 
unbalanced or disproportioned parts some pruning is 
usually advisable. Pruning with this purpose in view 
some of the sn)aller branches may be removed or even 
large limbs, but the typical form of the tree should 
always be regarded and, if possible, preserved. When 
reducing the number of buds and preserving the 
natural form of a tree it is desirable to conjunctively 
keep the head as compact and allow as many small 
branchlets to remain on the trunk as possible, to en- 
tire area disturbed in making the excavation in pre- 
paring to receive the tree and filling the basin thus 
constructed, or by a system of drain tiles enabling sub- 
irrigation. 
Care in planting is necessary to plant a tree at an 
elevation suited to the development of its roots. Dur- 
ing the period in which a tree has developed to great 
size it extends its roots to a great horizontal distance, 
but shallowly, or within a restricted area, but deeply, 
according to its peculiar habit of growth, the fertility, 
porosity, mechanical texture, and drainage of the soil 
and the depth of the water table. Therefore, a tree 
growing in a sandy soil with a water table but one or 
two feet beneath the surface would not find it con- 
REPLANTING A LARGE TREE. 
courage a free flow of sap and to shade the trunk and 
limbs. 
Judicious applications of water are essential in 
caring for transplanted trees. A tree may be over- 
watered as well as insufficiently watered. The latter 
is perhaps the more frequent fault at present. Weather, 
drainage and cultivation will partly govern the fre- 
quency with which and the time when it is necessary 
to water them. On an average once in seven to ten 
days will be ample. Withhold water until it is needed 
and then apply it in quantity so that it saturates the 
entire area permeated by the roots and to a depth equal 
to the distance the lowest root extends beneath the 
surface. To secure a thorough saturation may require 
several successive applications repeated at intervals of 
half an hour or a throwing up a ridge on the edge of 
genial to be planted in a stiff clay soil at an elevation 
several inches lower than that at which it had been 
previously growing. It would be better to err by plant- 
ing it too high in such an instance. Indeed, rqany 
trees, especially evergreens, are sorrietimes planted by 
placing them on the existing surface and forming a 
mound with the soil used to fill upon the roots. This 
method is practicable in the vicinity of St. Louis. Con- 
trariwise a tree grown in heavy stiff soil would better 
be planted at an elevation several inches lower than 
that at which it had previously been growing, if it is 
to be moved to a deep sandy soil. This method is prac- 
ticable in Dakota, and occasionally in the seaside locali- 
ties of New Jersey. In general, however, a tree should 
be planted at the same elevation as that at which it 
had previously been growing. 
