PARK AND CEMRTRRY 
353 
Leaf Gall in Iowa. 
The leaves shown in the illustration are specimens 
of the hard maple found in Linwood Cemetery, Du- 
buque, la., and are infested with leaf gall. Superin- 
tendent Edward Hyde writes that a large number of 
trees, more especially the hard maples, are affected in 
this manner, and that many of them, even the young 
ones, are dying at the top. Last year in that locality 
was very dry; this year was just the reverse. The 
trees and shrubbery wintered well, but the dying at 
the top is becoming more apparent as the season ad- 
vances, and Mr. Hyde wishes to know whether the 
leaf gall is the cause of the trouble. 
LEAVES OF HARD MAPLE, SHOWING EFFECT OF LEAF GALL. 
Prof. A. T. Erwin of the department of Horticul- 
ture and Forestry of the Iowa State College Experi- 
ment station, at Ames, la., writes as follows concern- 
ing the leaf gall in that locality : “The leaf gall is an 
insect which causes abnormal growth similar to that 
sometimes found upon the oak leaves in the forest. 
In this part of the state it is common on the hard ma- 
ple. It probably interferes somewhat with the normal 
function of the leaf, but so far as I have been able 
to observe, it does no serious damage. The dying- 
back of the top of the young trees is undoubtedly due 
to the drougth of last season, the evil effects of which 
are now becoming apparent.” 
The Cottony Maple Scale. 
Many valuable maple and box-elder trees in Mil- 
waukee and vicinity are being surely injured by the 
cottony maple scale (Pulvmaria Innumerabilis) . Its 
life, history in brief is as follows, writes F. Cranefield, 
in the Wisconsin Horticulturist. The young lice ap- 
pear early in spring, spreading rapidly over the tree : 
after the several changes peculiar to scale insects, the 
female attaches herself to a twig and commences egg- 
laying, continuing until about the middle of Jtme, 
when the large cottony egg masses become evident. 
About July Tst, the eggs hatch and the young spread 
again over the tree, soon to complete another life cycle. 
Like other scale insects it feeds by sucking the sap of 
the tree, and although their spread is not very rapid 
they eventually destroy the tree, unless preventative 
measures are taken. If observed in time, while but a 
few twigs are affected, these may be cut off’ and 
burned. If the pest is generally distributed, the trees 
must be thoroughly sprayed with kerosene emulsion. 
The Formal Garden. 
The growing interest manifested in all forms of gar- 
dening and landscape improvements, and the attempt- 
ed revival of the formal garden have again revived 
the controversy between the advocates of the formal 
and natural schools of gardening, and given birth to 
much recent literature on the subject. In the June 
number of the International Monthly Frank Miles 
Day, Architect, of Philadelphia, contributes an in- 
teresting article on “The Formal Garden; Its Revival 
and Its Recent Literature,” in which he reviews the 
most important English and American literature on 
the subject and arrives at the following conclusions: 
"In looking broadlv over the field of garden designs 
in America at the present day, we see the two old 
forces striving for the mastery, just as they have 
striven these many years. On the one hand, we have 
the formal designers, for the most part architects, 
earnest that the effect of their work shall not be ruined 
by the juxtaposition of the work of others untrained 
in the arts of design, or trained in a school utterly 
at variance with their own. However skillful as de- 
signers, the architects find themselves, with the rarest 
exceptions, handicapped by their lack of knowledge 
of plants, a knowledge to be gained only by years of 
patient study. However delightful the general ar- 
rangement of the architect’s garden, his planting plan, 
if he be so ill-advised as to attempt one unaided, is 
generally a thing for laughter. On the other hand our 
professional landscape gardeners, skillful as thev mav 
be in the design of park-like areas, fail with scarcely 
an exception, when their work has to be seen in asso- 
ciation with architecture. Strong as they may be 
in their knowledge of plants, their training has been 
too one-sided, too lacking in sustained effort at the 
solution of great problems in design, to enable them 
to deal successfully with one of the most important 
phases of their work. Their way of solving the 
problem of the transition from the purely formal lines 
of a building to the purely informal lines of the land- 
scape about it, has consisted too largely in an attempt 
to ignore the formality of the building and to glorifv 
the informality oI the landscape. But it is reason- 
able to believe that a set of men, better trained for 
the practice of garden design than are either the archi- 
tects or landscape gardeners, will shortly be among 
us. The demand creates its' own supply. Already 
there are young men well trained in design who are 
working up the serious study of horticulture and vic" 
versa. Our schools of landscape architecture are 
prepared to give, and are giving us, well-rounded men 
who need only a few years of practical experience to 
demonstrate that they are capable of raising their art 
to a higher level than it has ever before reached in 
America.” 
