PARK AND CEMETERY. 
9 
came into prominence. In the fall of 1905 
a small beginning was made, but in the 
spring and summer of 1907, 650,000 square 
jards of pavement was covered with oil, 
some having two applications and others 
only one. This oil was applied from a reg- 
ular water sprinkling wagon with a tin 
trough attached. This trough was per- 
forated with quarter-inch holes which al- 
lowed a fairly even distribution. 
When the macadam was absolutely dry, 
a section was barricaded and the surface 
was swept clean of dirt and screenings. 
These sweepings were left along the edge 
of the gutter to protect the cement work 
and also to be handy to cast back the oil 
after it had been poured. The entire sur- 
face of the pavement was flooded with oil 
and thoroughl 3 ' broomed to aid in getting 
an even distribution. The sweepings and 
rock dust were cast over the fresh oil. 
These were added to absorb such excess 
oil and to permit a roller to follow. After 
thoroughly rolling, the boulevard was 
opened for use. The first application of 
oil was at the rate of gallon per square 
yard and cost VA cents, including the dust 
and labor of applying. The oil used at 
this time was a Kansas residuum of 20-21 
Baume gravity containing a very small per 
cent of asphalt and had no bonding quali- 
ties. This oil cost 80 cents per barrel f. o. b. 
Kansas City. 
From the very first the use of oil for 
laying dust was highly satisfactory, for it 
not only made a saving of 34 per cent the 
first year over the cost of water sprinkling, 
but the great advantage was that it kept 
the roads from raveling under the action 
of the automobiles. Instead of being 
harmful to the surface the automobile as- 
sisted in rolling and making firmer the 
oiled cushion. Repair costs were lowered 
from the ver\' beginning by use of oil. 
On account of the unavoidable grades in 
the citv, large damages had to be repaired 
after each rain from the washes along the 
gutters, but after the oil was used as a 
dust layer, all of this expense was over- 
come. The large stones in the top course 
of the water-bound macadam have been a 
great advantage over roads constructed of 
small crushed rock, because as soon as the 
road was swept the large stones were ex- 
posed and the layer of fine dust, which is 
so common on the macadam road built of 
small stones, is almost totally eliminated, 
ll.is large stone makes an ideal surface to 
receive the oil as the adhesion will be per- 
fect, due to this absence of fine dust. 
The successive applications of the oil and 
rock dust have formed a mat or cushion 
on top of the macadam which in places 
was as much as 54 inch thick. This mat 
during the summer months remains inflex- 
ible and makes an ideal surface for travel 
but during the winter season the automo- 
biles with their chains break up this mat. 
After the mat is broken, water stands in 
the depression and before long a deep hole 
is worn into the macadam itself. 
The failure of this oil mat on top of the 
water-bound macadam made it necessary 
to adopt some other form of surface that 
would withstand the enormous automobile 
travel at all times of the year. 
The next surface was constructed of 
bituminous macadam, using the penetra- 
tion method, and the first bitumen used 
was the Tarvia. This road was built 12 
inches thick in three layers. The base was 
6 inches thick, of large, hand-broken lime- 
stone, and rolled with a 10-ton roller. The 
next course was 4 inches thick, of crushed 
limestone of I'A to 2J4 inches in size. 
This course was water-sealed with lime- 
stone screenings and after this had thor- 
oughly dried out it was co\’ered with a 
2-inch course of crushed limestone of the 
same size as the second course. Into this 
was poured lj4 gallons of Tarvia over 
which was cast limestone grit of to 54 
inch in size. Only such amount of grit 
was used to thoroughly cover the stone 
and allow a roller to pass over without 
picking up the Tarvia. The top course 
was rolled with a tandem roller weighing 
7 tons. 'The method used in distributing 
the Tarvia was from tank wagons equipped 
with a hose connection for pouring the 
Tarvia and with a fire box for maintaining 
a constant heat. After the surface had been 
in use for a week or, more it was given a 
light treatment of oil similar to that used in 
oiling water-bound macadam. This oil was 
applied by the park maintenance force and 
was not a part of the contractor’s job. 
The surface was not swept before applying 
the oil and no dust or screenings were cast 
over the fresh oil. Just enough oil w'as 
used to soften the Tarvia and absorb such 
dust and grit as remained on the surface. 
This oil has acted as a weather-proofer, 
so that there has been no coking or disin- 
tegrating of the d'arvia surface. 
All the pavements laid under this speci- 
fication have been down a number of 
i:ijo.\r)W.\ V t:r)i:[.Kv.\i:r) [O.NTrt.v.NTK tc) i-kxx va[.[.ky k.\n.s.\.s city, mo. 
