76 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
from all kinds of annoyance. Such meth- 
ods will attract chickadees, woodpeckers 
and other birds in winter. 
O. C. SiMONDS, 
Chicago, 111. Graceland Cemetery. 
In a general way, we encourage the birds, 
but thus far have taken no particular 
means, such as housings, etc. 
There are some objections, such as stain- 
ing the stones and some depreciation to 
planting, hut such things are small com- 
pared with the advantages of the presence 
of birds. 
We would not condemn any varieties of 
birds. 
The matter of bird protection should 
have more attention than at present. Spe- 
cial housings should be furnished and re- 
gard given to opportunities for feeding and 
water. Much of this develops incidentally 
and naturally in our grounds, where we 
endeavor to follow' the natural order of 
things in our work and improvements. 
E. G. Carter, 
Supt., Oak Woods Ceme.tery. 
Chicago, 111. 
We encourage the presence of birds by 
feeding them through the winter and do 
all in our power to protect them, and plant 
shrubbery which bear fruit suitable for 
them. 
All birds are good; some may be prefer- 
able to others. 
We believe cemeteries should encourage 
the birds by killing the cats, hawks, crows, 
etc., by erecting suitable nesting places, and 
planting large groups of trees and shrub- 
bery in which they can nest and fly for 
protection. We have always made every 
effort to protect birds, consequently always 
have a great variety. Wm. S.vlway, 
Supt., Spring Grove Cemetery. 
Cincinnati, O. 
We encourage the presence of birds on 
the cemetery grounds because they give 
pleasure to visitors and destroy many 
worms and insects which are injurious to 
plant life. 
Do not know of any varieties that are 
objectionable. 
We have provided watering places for 
the birds to drink and bathe. 
We have planted many varieties of fruit 
and berry-bearing trees and shrubs. 
We have a thicket or tangle of wild na- 
tive growth where the birds make their 
nests. 
All cemeteries should prohibit firearms 
in the grounds except at military funerals. 
Frank D. Willis, 
Secy, and Supt., Oakland Cemetery. 
St. Paul, Minn. 
We certainly do all we can to encourage 
the presence of birds in our cemetery. 
We find the sapsucker doing damage to 
young trees, both deciduous and conifers, 
by puncturing the young growth early in 
the spring. Besides disfiguring the trees, 
sap is lost, and in many cases the tree loses 
some of its vitality. 
We believe cemeteries should encourage 
the birds. We kill off all red squirrels. We 
set out many groups of evergreens and 
trim them so that they become dense and 
thick, which affords birds excellent shelter. 
M’e plant berried shrubs in variety. We 
use cracked corn, wheat, etc., in the winter, 
also put out suet, etc., where quail and 
other birds can feed. We prohibit shoot- 
ing in and around the cemetery and rigidly 
enforce the rule. Frank Eurich. 
Supt., Woodlawn Cemetery. 
Detroit, Mich. 
RE-SHAPING TREES DAMAGED BY ICE STORMS 
Bv H. J. Moore, Chief Gardener, Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park. 
In the Queen Victoria Park at Niagara 
Falls, and especially within a radius of half 
a mile of the Horseshoe Fall, the ice con- 
ditions render the cukivation and mainte- 
nance of deciduous trees e.xtremely diffi- 
cult. Probably at no other point on this 
continent are the trees sul)ject to such se- 
vere storms of frozen spray, after which at 
times they appear as monuments of solid 
ice. apparently lifeless, only their contour 
revealing their identity. Under these con- 
ditions the limbs and trunks are bent, 
broken and twisted until the trees can 
hardly be recognized as typical of the kind. 
For instance, the horse chestnut, an exotic, 
assumes a pendulus form strangelv incon- 
gruous when contrasted with its kind out 
of the danger zone. 
'J'he work of re-shaping and restoring 
these contorted specimens to a semblance 
of natural shape requires skill and ingenu- 
ity. It is, however, the work of preven- 
tion which precludes disaster to the trees, 
and thus obviates expense and annoyance. 
The most satisfactory manner of over- 
coming the difficulty is to plant young 
trees 10 to 12 feet high. By consistently 
pruning these we find that sturdy, short- 
jointed growth results, which is more re- 
sistant to the weight than that of the un- 
pruned trees. While under this treatment 
the trees annually hardly make normal 
growth, little of it is removed or damaged 
by the ice storms. The trees may bend 
under the load and at times their branches 
touch the ground. Three years after plant- 
ing, however, the trunks are rigid enough 
to withstand the pressure of the ice. Conse- 
quently from that time onward there is lit- 
tle danger of injury. Apart from the use 
of stakes to steady the tree until estab- 
lished, after planting, no device to sup- 
port the branches is necessary. Practices 
such as the use of forked poles are resorted 
to in many places. More especially we ob- 
serve where similar ice conditions prevail. 
With us careful pruning, thinning and 
lightening eliminates all these practices. 
In the case of the large original trees on 
the area under question, the longest 
branches are considerably shortened. The 
tree is ne.xt reasonably lightened by care- 
ful thinning on the leeward side, and after 
the operation appears fairly symmetrical. 
The leader is then shortened in such a way 
that it points into the prevailing wind. The 
branches are carefully and diligently re- 
moved, never in a haphazard manner, so 
that when the work is finished a fairly 
normal appearance results. Cleavage or 
splitting in the crotches of heavy limbs is 
prevented by means of chains. Threaded 
rods to which the chains, are fastened are 
passed through the limbs well above the 
crotch and are secured by means of nuts 
and large washers. We never encircle any 
limb with bands of iron or with wire. 
Where the crotch is badly split long iron 
rods are passed centrally through the trunk 
or limb at this point and are securely 
bolted. These rods in conjunction with the 
chains at a higher elevation prevent undue 
swaying of the limbs and are usually so 
efficient as to prevent further damage. 
Trees which surfer the heavy heading 
back described, of course for a year or so 
appear stunted. When growth appears, 
however, they rapidly assume a pleasing 
shape. They are much sturdier, and are 
not so easily damaged by their annual load 
of ice. A leader is maintained on every 
tree, and where this is broken, as is usual 
it is cut back to the nearest vertical branch 
which in time becomes the leader. The 
aim is to reduce the bearing surface, there- 
fore we prune to a pyramidal rather than 
a spreading form. 
Upon the manner of removing the 
branches success greatly depends. For in- 
stance, where it is necessary to remove one 
of two branches which spring from one 
limb the lower one is cut away in prefer- 
ence to the upper. This places the wound 
on the under side, consequently the limb 
will carry a heavier load than were the 
wound on the upper side. Danger of split- 
ting is in this way minimized. The branches 
are removed at their junction with others 
or with the trunk. The edges of the 
wound are then chiselled so that it con- 
forms to the shape of the limb. No stub is 
left. The wound thus callouses and heals 
perfectly without leaving a knot or scar. 
We find that subs die back to the'ir junc- 
ture with another branch, as no circulation 
of sap is possible unless the stub is sur- 
mounted with leaves. All wounds whether 
caused by pruning or by accident, are 
painted a dark grey (two coats) and sub- 
sequently every year. This makes them im- 
pervious to moisture and prevents decay. 
