PARK AND CEMETERY 
AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING 
PUBLISHED BY ALLIED ARTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
R. J. HAIGHT, President H. C. WHITAKER, Vice-President and General Manager O. H. SAMPLE, Secretary-Treasurer 
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JUNE, 1916 
EDITORIAL 
VOL. XXVI No. 4 
Lessons from Colonial Headstones 
Students of the old Colonial headstones have often wondered 
at the beautifulh- executed carvings and the graceful decorations 
and lettering exhibited by these early craftsmen in stone. The 
modern monument designer who does not stud.v carefully these 
old stones and adapt their lines and decorations to modern forms 
of monuments is overlooking one of the finest sources of in- 
spiration in designing more artistic types of small cemetery me- 
morials. Modern designers will find many useful design ideas 
in the illustrated article on "Monumental Art in Old Colonial 
Headstones," on another page of this issue. 
Despite their many crudities, tPhere is much art in the head- 
stones of two centuries or more ago. Their contours, lettering 
and space arrangements — even the decoration of some — have 
hardly been surpassed, although, aside from the scroll and plant 
forms, the subjects chosen for embellishment — such as the hour- 
glass. Father Time with his scythe, a death’s head, skull and 
cross-bones or complete skeleton — were somewhat grewsome be- 
cause of the religious severity of the time, and in the earliest 
examples displayed imperfect workmanship due to the meager 
complement of tools available for deep stone-cutting in any other 
than the most laborious manner. But with the pneumatic drills, 
chisels and hammers of the present day skilled men are able to 
carve out of even the hardest stone with surprising realism and 
remarkable precision designs which our forefathers could hardly 
more than suggest in outline or bas-relief. By the application of 
different kinds, colors and finishes of stone, carefully chosen to 
harmonize with the character of the design, it is possible to clothe 
each design with a distinct individuality and thus avoid monotony 
of material and treatment in the modern cemetery, yet to retain 
vestiges of past traditions sufficient to enable it to live in accord 
with the fine artistic character of some of the earliest American 
headstones. 
The Monument and the Lawn Mower 
Everyone has noted an occasional monument that has a well- 
cut base spoiled by a narrow rock-faced margin just above the 
grass. The stock excuse for thus disfiguring a monument is that 
the lawn mower, if carelessly operated, will bump against the base 
and mar it or perhaps knock off a corner. Like most stock ex- 
cuses this is a subterfuge. The idea that the appearance of a 
monument must be spoiled to provide grout for a careless laborer 
to wear out his lawn mower on is extremely ridiculous. If there 
is any great danger to monuments from the lawn mower, the rem- 
edy is to take it out on the man that runs the mower, not on the 
monument. There are plenty of ways of cutting the grass around 
well-finished bases without damaging them. The best experience 
shows there is no necessity for any such construction. In the 
cemeteries with the best-kept lawns this rock-faced edging is nota- 
bly absent. You will not find them on the beautiful monuments 
in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago ; in Lake View in Cleveland, or in 
Woodlawn, New York. In these grounds where lawn mowers are 
used as industriously as in any park, there is no need for pro- 
tecting the monuments with rock-faced armor and there is no 
excuse for it anywhere. 
Controlling Fungous Diseases of Trees 
According to announcements of the New York State College 
of Forestry at Syracuse, studies will be carried forw'ard to deter- 
mine the most effective methods of control of the various rust 
diseases affecting forest trees. It is estimated that 70 per cent of 
the standing trees in the Adirondacks are affected by some fungous 
disease. Dr. Leigh H. Pennington, who has charge of the tree 
disease work at the college, is authority for the statement that all 
of the native evergreens in New York, excepting white cedar 
(Arbo vitae) and possiblyred pine, are attacked by rust and that 
many of the desirable hardwoods, like oak, elm. ash and cherry, 
are showing serious effects of this and similar fungous diseases. 
The blister rust is also present in Massachusetts. Connecticut, 
Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Ontario. Last winter the legislature 
of Massachusetts appropriated $10,0CO for the study and control 
of the disease. 
Congress in passing the Emergency Appropriation bill included 
an item of $20,000 to aid in the investigation and eradication of 
Trees Planted 
•A machine which plants from 10,000 to 15,0fX) forest tree 
seedlings a day is now being used at the Letchworth Park h’orest 
and .Arboretum, in Wyoming County, .\'. 'tk, accorrling to officials 
of the b'orest Service who are acting as advisers in the work. 
Previously the planting has been done by hand at the rate of 
l,2f,'0 to 1.501) trees each day per man. 
The machine was designed to set out cabbage aiul tomato 
plants, t)ut works erpially well with trees. It is about the size 
rust diseases in the Lffiited States. It is expected that an item of 
$30,(X]0 will he incorporated in the Regular Appropriation bill. 
The first appropriation by Congress will give opportunity for co- 
operation in the various states, and New York will profit with 
the other states and will he able to carry forward both inves- 
tigative and control work. Whether the disease can be con- 
trolled effectively is yet to be determined. Many thousands 
of dollars were spent in studying and attempting to control the 
chestnut hlight, which destroyed chestnut trees and chestnut 
forests in a number of the Eastern states, and yet the chest- 
nut blight is not eradicated and may continue to work until 
natural causes force it to become an unimportant disease which 
may again break out during the ne.xt twenty-five or fifty years. 
Experience in Europe has shown that methods of forest manage- 
ment are probably the only way to control serious devastation by 
insects and fungi. 
by Machine 
of an ordinary mowing machine and is operated liy tliree men 
and two horses. One man dri\es the team while the other two 
handle tlie seedlings. The macliine makes a furrow in wliich 
the trees are set at any desired distance, and an automatic device 
indicates where they should l)e dropped. 'I'wo metal-tired wheels 
push and roll the dirt firmly down around the roots. This is a 
very desirable feature, it is said, because the trees are apt to 
die if this is not well done. 
