104 
our national park's experience to be entirely 
inoffensive if not attacked. E^•en when at- 
tacked they make every possible effort to 
escape, and only turn upon men when fin- 
ally driven into some place from which 
they cannot get away. 'I'hen only are they 
dangerous, and then they are dangerous 
indeed. 
The grizzly hear, by the way, is one of 
the shyest of wild animals, and may be 
seen only with difficulty. It lives principally 
on roots, berries, nuts and honey — when 
honey may be had. It cannot climb trees 
like the brown bears. Its little ones are 
born in caves where bears hibernate 
through the winters and are little larger 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
than squirrels when they first come into 
the world. 
The brown, cinnamon, and black bears, 
which, by the way, are the same species 
only differently colored — the blondes and 
brunettes, so to speak, of the same bear 
family — are quite different. They are play- 
ful, comparatively fearless, sometimes even 
friendly. They are greedy fellows, and 
steal camp supplies whenever they can. The 
large meat wagons which carry supplies 
to the distant hotels and camps over night 
are equipped with iron covers, because the 
bears used to rip off the wooden tops dur- 
ing the resting times and run off with sides 
of beef and mutton. One night several 
years ago teamsters drove three bears 
from the top of a single one of these big 
wagons. 
This wild animal paradise contains 30,000 
elk, several thousand moose, innumerable 
deer, many antelope, and a large and in- 
creasing herd of wild bison. 
It is an excellent bird preserve also; 
more than ISO species live natural, undis- 
turbed lives. Eagles abound among the 
crags. Wild geese and ducks are found 
in profusion. Many thousands of large 
white pelicans add to the picturesqueness 
of Yellowstone Lake. 
Th.e Yellowstone also contains a petrified 
forest of prehistoric trees which is unex- 
celled in .Ymerica. 
STREET TREE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE CITIES 
Abstract of Report on Conditions of Street Trees in Greater N civ York City, Made for the 
Tree Planting Association of Neiv York City and the Nezv York State College of Forestry. 
Trees planted on city streets are sur- 
rounded by very unnatural conditions and 
the struggle for existence is therefore in- 
tense. \Try many of the trees in the city 
streets are in such a dilapidated condition 
that it will soon be necessary to remove 
them. New York City is spending yearly 
large amounts of money for the care of 
these trees. It is, therefore, very essential 
to learn how the city came to assume this 
burden. Up to the year 1902, when for 
ORIENTAL SYCAMORE ADAPTING IT- 
SELF TO SEVERE CONDITIONS WHERE 
NO GRASS SPACE IS PROVIDED. 
the first time the trees were placed under 
the e.xclusive control of the Park Depart- 
ment, trees were planted by private prop- 
erty owners, real estate promoters, civic 
improvement associations, etc., without con- 
sideration of the future beauty of the city 
as a unit. This is invariably the case where 
public improvement of any kind is made 
in a haphazard manner without the intel- 
ligence and foresight of expert super- 
vision. Consequently there were many 
causes for tree planting, all varying in mo- 
tive and therefore in attainment. The re- 
sult is that the city has thousands of trees 
that were planted without regard to uni- 
formity and w ere not adapted to local con- 
ditions. Many of them also were of short- 
lived varieties, etc., bringing about condi- 
tions that were altogether unsatisfactory 
and unnecessarily expensive to maintain. 
I'urthermore these unsystematic and irreg- 
ular efforts have resulted in the complete 
denudation of large areas since trees have 
been removed continually and none planted 
in replacement. 
About all the city can boast of now is 
the possession of thousands of trees un- 
sightly in appearance, some of which are 
dangerous to the public on account of their 
weakened condition and an e.xpensive in- 
stead of a valuable asset. Had there been 
established a bureau to control tree plant- 
ing and preservation, the work w’ould have 
been done systematically, scientifically and, 
above all, economically. The city today 
would possess an asset the value of which 
it is impossible to estimate, as it is an 
ever-increasing one. 'i'he beauty and sani- 
tary value of the trees rightly planted 
would have been universally noticeable, and 
the present e.xpensive care of the trees 
could have been eliminated. I'he fact that 
the trees planted on the streets since 1902 
present no better features than the condi- 
tions of those planted before shows that a 
continuation of present methods is but a 
guarantee to the city of the same burden 
of expense in the future. The economy of 
a bureau for the control of tree culture is 
therefore one of the greatest reasons for 
its existence. 
In asking recommendations for a method 
of handling future tree work the expe- 
riences of the past teach us that a thor- 
oughly organized and properly equipped bu- 
reau is absolutely necessary. A plan for 
such a bureau is outlined herewith. 
A bureau of tree culture should be es- 
tablished under the Department of Parks. 
AMERICAN ELM PLANTED WHERE 
SOIL CONDITIONS ARE ADVERSE TO 
GROWTH OF THIS VARIETY. 
