PARK AND CEMETERY. 
41 
greater quantities, using the same propor- 
tions, and kept as stock solutions. 
If disease appears after the foliage is on 
the trees, the same mixture may be used, 
but, except for fruit trees, one early spray- 
ing should be sufficient for a season. If 
caterpillars appear after the leaves have 
come out, it will be necessary to spray 
again with a poison, such as Paris green or 
arsenate of lead. 
In the care of woody plants it is further 
important that the soil beneath the trees 
and shrubbery be dressed with manure, 
and the latter spaded in. This is not al- 
ways possible in the case of trees on the 
lawn, but all shrubbery borders should be 
so treated in the spring, and furthermore 
the soil of these should be kept well tilled, 
or cultivated, throughout the summer. 
Perennials. — Such plants as phlox, golden 
glow, golden rod, and asters, which grow 
from roots, bulbs or root-stocks that re- 
main dormant in the soil during the win- 
ter, are known as perennials. There ex- 
ists considerable disagreement as to the 
best time for moving and rearranging 
plants of this class, i. e., whether it should 
be done in the fall or spring. However, 
if the work is not %elayed too long in the 
spring, there is not much choice, and shifts 
may be made at either season. Perennials, 
when healthy, become crowded and over- 
grown, and when this condition arises they 
should be dug and divided into smaller 
clumps. The soil should be spaded deeply, 
enriched with manure, and the plants re- 
set, allowing sufficient space between indi- 
viduals to obviate the necessity of again 
shifting them within the next two or three 
years. Perennials, as a rule, unless very 
carefully handled, are likely to bloom less 
profusely the first season after shifting, 
but in subsequent years the increased 
flower production will usually more than 
compensate for the loss sustained during 
the first season. All old growth of per- 
ennials should be removed before the new 
spring growth begins, and if the plants 
have been covered with a mulch of straw 
or manure during the winter this should be 
removed and the ground between the plants 
thoroughly spaded. 
ORGANIZING and DEVELOPING A MODERN CEMETERY 
By Sid J. Hare and S. Herbert I-Iare, Landscape Architects, Kansas City, Mo. 
IV. — The Topographical Survey. 
In the previous three chapters we have 
considered the external influences affecting 
a cemetery, the location, ownership and 
area required. The site, having been se- 
lected, the next step is to gather such 
data regarding it as can be recorded on 
a plat and used in preparing the plans for 
the development. Upon the accuracy of 
this data depends the accuracy of the re- 
sults shown in the plans of the landscape 
architect. The harm done by an inaccu- 
rate plat is three-fold : it reflects upon the 
engineer who made it (and the inaccura- 
cies are sure to be discovered in time) ; it 
misleads the landscape architect, hindering 
him in producing the best and most eco- 
nomical results; and it is an injustice to 
the clients who are paying both for the 
inaccurate plat and for the work of the 
landscape architects based upon its inac- 
curacies. Some inaccuracies are apparent 
at first sight and can be corrected, but 
many are more subtle and do their dam- 
age before discovered. The authors men- 
tion this subject here because in designing 
many hundreds of acres in cemeteries they 
have been favored with very few topo- 
graphical maps that were reasonably accu- 
rate. 
The information that should he record- 
ed is, first, an accurate boundary survey, 
giving the legal description of the proper- 
ty, lengths of all sides, the angles, and 
description of any curves. The conforma- 
tion of the ground should be shown by 
contours accurately platted from a suffi- 
cient number of elevations, with ridge and 
valley lines indicated. A contour interval 
of five feet is usually sufficient in cemetery 
work, although a smaller interval can be 
used on more level ground. The size, 
name, condition, and location of all na- 
tive trees should be taken, except in cases 
where the land is well wooded and the 
loss of trees at any particular location 
would be unimportant. In this case the tree 
masses may be outlined, but larger trees, 
which are especially valuable, should al- 
ways be noted and located. Groups of 
native shrubbery or plants typical to the 
different portions, soil conditions, rock 
outcrops, and location and elevations of 
springs, etc., are all necessary informa- 
tion. 
A topographical survey is most easily 
and quickly taken by what is known as the 
stadia method, but this should never be 
used in cemetery work, first, because it is 
