102 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
EXPOSITION HORTICULTURE and LANDSCAPE WORK 
It is the claim of the exposition authori- 
ties that the out-of-door horticultural dis- 
plays of the Panama-Pacific International 
Exposition at San Francisco have never be- 
fore been approached. Every exposition in 
the past has had one feature which stands 
out from all the others and by which it is 
particularly remembered. At San Francis- 
co that feature is the wonderful setting. 
The exposition grounds are on the south 
shore of the Golden Gate, surrounded on 
three sides by the rising hills of the city. 
The land upon which the buildings stand is 
largely made. When it was decided that 
the exposition should be held in San Fran- 
cisco, and after the site was selected, one 
million seven hundred thousand cubic yards 
of sand and silt were pumped into the fill. 
Upon the top of this was spread fifty thou- 
sand cubic yards of the finest loam and 
sixteen thousand cubic yards of fertilizer 
were cultivated in. This has made a seed 
bed which has every attribute necessary for 
the growing of the wonderful gardens. 
Separating the grounds from the city is 
a wall twenty-seven feet in height, made of 
scaffolding, with flats of growing Mesem- 
bryantheum or ice plant. There are 8,800 
of these flats, 2x6 feet, in the wall. A 
system of sprinklers was installed along 
the top of the wall, so that the plants 
shall have enough moisture to keep green 
during the whole year. The effect pro- 
duced is very like the top worked hedges 
in the older gardens of Italy and the South 
of France. 
The South Gardens are entered from the 
main entrance to the Exposition. To the 
left and right is the Florticultural Pal- 
ace, with its beautiful glass dome, and the 
Festival Hall. Immediately facing the en- 
trance is the Tower of Jewels, which rises 
435 feet into the air and is decorated with 
125,000 glass jewels. 
Three sunken pools with large statuary 
groups and surrounded by travertine mar- 
ble balustrades form the centerpiece of the 
gardens. More than 2,000,000 flowering 
plants have been set out in this area alone 
and the rotations have been so arranged 
that at all times there will be blooming va- 
rieties in all of the beds. 
A quarter of a million yellow pansies 
and approximately a million tulips were in 
full bloom during April and May. Two 
hundred and fifty thousand jonquils, the 
same number of hyacinths and the same 
number of daffodils preceded them. 
The beds are bordered by box, which 
is kept low by means of wire which is 
passed over the branches and held about 
six inches from the ground. 
Between the South Gardens and the 
facade of the buildings is the Avenue of 
Palms, along which are four rows of palm 
trees. Beautiful green lawns border this 
avenue, while against the ivory tinted build- 
ings are groups of trees and shrubs. 
The trees have all been transplanted by 
the box method, which consists of building 
a heavy box around the roots, and at the 
end of about eight months of cutting the 
big roots and transplanting the box with 
the trees. Many of the biggest palm trees 
on the grounds were loaned to the expo- 
sition by public-spirited citizens of Cali- 
turally Spanish, with a noticeable Gothic 
tendency. To harmonize with this style the 
plantings consist of bearing orange trees 
and Italian cypress. 
The Court of the Four Seasons is a cir- 
cular court, in the center of which is a 
circular pool surrounded by a box hedge 
four feet high. A very unique effect is ob- 
fornia, and these will be re-transplanted 
when the exposition is finished. 
By this method many huge fir, eucalyp- 
tus, palms, orange, pine, Italian cypress 
and many other varieties were brought 
from all parts of the country and are 
growing along the paths and banked in the 
vistas. 
Festival Hall is completely surrounded 
by gardens in which hydrangeas are used. 
The slope lias been arranged so that the 
plants rise as the building is approached 
and the full benefit of all the bloom is ob- 
tained. 
In connection with the Palace of Horti- 
culture are the gardens planted by socie- 
ties and seed men. In order to make these 
of the greatest interest and benefit, it was 
the aim of the department to have each 
garden planted to the variety for which 
the individual gardener was the most well 
known. In this way each of these gardens 
is a special exhibit of a specialty. 
In the great central Court of the Uni- 
verse is the sunken garden with its two 
great, luminous columns representing, re- 
spectively, the Rising and the Setting Sun. 
The plantings here are formal, being 
largely of lawns with heather, lilac and 
roses used as bordering shrubs. 
The Court of Abundance is architec- 
tained in the four niches in which is stat- 
uary representing the four seasons by the 
use of trailing asparagus and ivy from 
shelves located close under the eaves. 
In the two minor courts of Flowers and 
Palms the flower beds are bordered by 
heather and box and many trained shrubs 
and small trees are used. 
Along the shore of San Francisco Bay 
is the Marina, or Marine Gardens, which 
are very large and unbroken either by stat- 
uary or borderings. The main garden is a 
lawn several acres in size with the main 
plantings banked against the buildings. 
Around the State Buildings and the For- 
eign Pavilions are gardens planted and 
planned by the owners of the sites. 
The Japanese Gardens are very beautiful. 
They are four acres in extent and show 
the art as it is practiced in Japan. All of 
the settings, including the stones, the 
bridges, the ornaments and the workers,, 
were sent direct to San Francisco from 
Tokio. 
Within the Palace of Horticulture are 
extensive collections from the warmer 
climes. A large number of rare palms, in- 
cluding the bearing date and the bowl 
palms, are shown. 
From the Philippine Islands has come a 
collection of over 3,000 orchids valued at 
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