PARK AND CEMETERY. 
16 : 
the shade of some gigantic yew tree as 
anything else, and it will undoubtedly be 
found that evergreen plantations of som- 
ber hue will help us more than anything 
else to arrive at the effect for which we 
are striving. 
Canada is not merely so well supplied 
with evergreens suitable for cemeteries, 
unfortunately, as England. Some of the 
junipers, however, are most admirably 
suited to our purpose, as they include both 
the upright species (J. Communis) and the 
prostrate form (J. Sabina). It seems a 
pity that the upright juniper should not" be 
more used in this country, as it is perfect- 
ly hardy and its fustigate habit, resem- 
bling closely the Irish yew, is quite unob- 
tainable in any other tree. This tree 
should be used very plentifully in all ceme- 
teries, especially where formality is de- 
sirable. 
The prostrate juniper (J. Sabina) is 
particularly suited for the choice planta- 
tions in cemeteries where flowering shrubs 
would be used under ordinary circum- 
stances. This evergreen shrub, together 
with the dwarf mountain pine, dwarf 
spruce, and arbor vitae, should form the 
bulk of the mass plantations at important 
points. Evergreens should be used in cem- 
eteries not only with the object of pro- 
ducing that rather somber and quiet ap- 
pearance already referred to, but also on 
account of the fact that a cemetery is 
used just as much in the winter as in the 
summer, so that the winter effect is just 
as important a consideration, if not more so. 
Another very useful evergreen tree 
which does quite well over here, but is 
seldom, if ever, seen, is the Japanese yew. 
This tree is in many respects very similar 
to the English yew, but somewhat freer in 
growth and does not make nearly such a 
large tree. It is admirably adapted to 
cemetery work. 
In the vicinity of the chapel a layout 
more or less formal in character will be 
necessary. The beds could be filled with 
low or creeping evergreen shrubs such as 
the American holly (Mahonia japonica), 
the creeping euonymus (Euonymus radi- 
cans) and the periwinkle (Vinca minor). 
The outlying portions of the cemetery 
will be dealt with in a much freer manner. 
The roads will be planned in such a way 
as to follow as closely as possible the con- 
tour of the land consistently with good 
curves. As regards traffic distribution, 
every effort should be made to secure, as 
far as possible, an adequate system of cir- 
culation. As the majority of the roads 
will not be wide enough to permit of ve- 
hicles turning round with ease, it should 
be made possible for vehicles in any part 
of the cemetery to find a more or less di- 
rect road leading either to the entrance or 
to the chapel without the necessity of turn- 
ing round. If this object is to be secured 
it is obvious that a great majority of the 
roads will have to be planned as curves, 
even if the land is comparatively level. 
When the land is hilly or rolling an ad- 
ditional reason is found for curving the 
roads, so as to enable them to adapt them- 
selves most readily to the grades. In a 
general way curving roads will be found to 
give much the most pleasing effect for 
cemeteries except in those portions where 
formality is desirable, as they give a much 
more picturesque effect and usually result 
in a greater degree of interest. In plan- 
ning the road system it must be remem- 
bered that no portion of the cemetery 
which is being used for burial purposes 
should be much more than 100 feet from a 
roadway, as the carriers should not be 
compelled to carry a greater distance. 
In regard to the planting of outlying por- 
tions a few words must be said. The 
whole character of cemetery planting- 
should vary very considerably from the 
planting of parks or gardens. In the ma- 
jority of cases full-grown existing trees 
will be found on the property. These 
should, of course, be most carefully pre- 
served and a good reservation allowed for 
around them to preserve the root system 
from damage. 
The aim should be to mass the trees in 
a general way, leaving open glades and 
open areas in between. By all means, let 
us avoid covering the whole area with 
trees. A good sprinkling of specimen 
weeping trees should be introduced, to- 
gether with the upright juniper , as a con- 
trast, while here and there, groups of Lom- 
bardy poplars on areas not used for burial 
will be effective. Of weeping trees, the 
Camperdown elm is probably the best; 
others are the weeping mulberry, birch, 
beech and the well-known weeping willow. 
In the more remote parts of the cemetery 
the whole planting scheme will receive a 
much more naturalistic treatment. Spruce 
or pine should be freely used, together with 
bold masses of flowering shrubs. Spaces 
at the junctions of roads, steep banks and 
other places where grave's are not suitable 
should all be utilized for masses of shrub- 
bery. 
A few words must be said in regard to 
individual graves. There is, in the first 
place, the vexed question of the direction 
in which graves ought to be laid out. 
Tradition points out that for many cen- 
turies graves have been invariably laid out 
east and west. Some difficulty, however, 
has been experienced in accomplishing this 
result economically, owing to wasteful 
flankages and feather edged corners. On 
this account there has been a marked ten- 
dency in recent years to abandon this time- 
honored custom and to place the graves 
in any direction which happens to suit best 
the lay of the land and the direction of 
the roads. This can only be regarded as 
another instance of that disregard for tra- 
dition which is one of the prevailing ten- 
dencies of our age. The placing of the 
grave east and west is one of the ways in 
which outward expression can be given to 
our respect of death. As long as we still 
retain enough regard for the significance 
of death to compel us to ask the church to 
officiate at the burial of our fellow human 
beings, due respect for the traditions of 
that church should be complied with. There 
is in my own opinion no reason why this 
requirement should constitute a real diffi- 
culty. Set conditions are an aid, rather 
than a hindrance, to the work of the clever 
designer and will often suggest reasons 
which will guide him in his design. 
L T ndoubtedly the most important feature 
of cemetery design is design of individual 
monuments. The planning of the ceme- 
tery may be faultless. The chapel may be 
a veritable gem of design. The planting 
may be as beautiful as skill and money can 
make it, but if no control is exercised 
over individual monuments, the impression 
left on the visitor will never be anything 
more than a jarring discord. 
A cemetery is very similar in many re- 
spects to a building estate or subdivision. 
Both are usually run as private commercial 
ventures which must be made to pay their 
way. 
Men, successful in the sale of high- 
QTJIET I ! EST FULNESS OF OLD-TIME BURIAL GROUND. 
