168 
class building estates, have invariably 
found that restrictions governing the 
houses to be erected are necessary if the 
attractiveness of the property is not to be 
ruined by individual purchasers. 
The cemetery should, in my opinion, be 
controlled in sections. In certain areas 
nothing should be allowed but flat tomb- 
stones. In other areas upright and flat 
tombstones might be permitted, while in 
other sections permission should be given 
for the erection of tombs of the sarcopha- 
gus shape. Certain lots or groups of lots 
should be set aside in the design at 
strategic points on which the erection of 
mausoleums and monuments should be 
permitted. Mausoleums and monuments, 
well designed and properly placed, prove a 
great acquisition to a cemetery, and their 
erection under suitable restrictions should 
certainly be encouraged in every possible 
way. 
Restrictions in themselves are not suf- 
ficient to produce beauty. A censorship 
obviously produces nothing. It merely 
tears down what is already standing or 
prevents the accumulation of more ugli- 
ness. In order to produce beauty we must 
call to our aid creative genius. 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
In closing, a word or two must be said 
in connection with graves. Tawdry deco- 
rations such as immortelles, and glass 
cases containing bead and china flowers, 
should be entirely swept away. Some dis- 
tinct effort at marking the boundaries of 
the grave should be encouraged. It may 
be done by means of a low stone or brick 
curbing, by slightly raising the grave and 
banking round the edges, or by a low 
clipped ledge or edging plant. The best 
substitute for box, which unfortunately 
does not grow here, is probably Teucrium 
chamedris, which seems to be perfectly 
hardy, very compact, and very dwarf 
grower, with a dark, dull, green leaf like 
a box. We have seen the old man’s beard 
(Artemisia abrotanum), the Ibota privet 
and the sea pink all successfully used for 
this purpose. 
Turf on the grave takes a lot of mowing. 
Some graves look very well finished in 
gravel. A permanent creeping ground 
cover would seem the best substitute. 
Quite a number of plants can be used in 
this way most successfully. For a dense 
evergreen carpet under heavy shade quite 
a number of plants can be found. The 
periwinkle (Vinca minor), the creeping 
euonymus (E. radicans), Pachysandra ter- 
minalis, and epimedium are all excellently 
suited for this purpose. For graves 
where sunlight abounds we possess in this 
country a wealth of carpeting plants. 
Amongst the best are Phlox Subulata alba 
(the white form of the dwarf Canadian 
phlox), the Cerastium tomentosum, and 
the St. John’s worts (Hypericums). Any 
of these plants will be found to suit the 
purpose. 
On every hand we feel that the commer- 
cialism of the nineteenth century is begin- 
ning to give way to an era of keener artis- 
tic appreciation and better taste. In noth- 
ing is this more noticeable than in the im- 
provement in architecture all over the 
world. This is bound to gradually develop 
in the mind of the public a demand for 
beauty and art which will, in the long run, 
be unable to tolerate the worst offenses in 
our cemeteries. We have already in To- 
ronto some admirable examples for the 
possibilities of modern mausoleum archi- 
tecture. These should pave the way for a 
new era in the design of cemetery monu- 
ments which will eventually affect every 
structure from the largest to the smallest. 
NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT IN CANADA 
An address before the American Civic Association 
bv /. B. Harkin, Commissioner of Dominion Parks. 
I have a quarrel with the name National 
Park. The National is all right, but the 
Park is all wrong. With the conception 
the Canadian Parks Bureau has developed 
of national parks I feel that the word park 
is woefully inadequate. I feel that it is a 
misnomer. The word park has a fixed 
meaning in the mind of the general public 
and that meaning is limited and restricted 
by the average man’s knowledge of parks 
— that is, small city and suburban parks. 
National parks, as you all know, are some- 
thing vastly different ; they are national 
beauty spots ; they are national play- 
grounds; they are national sanitoria ; they 
are national reservoirs of health and hap- 
piness. They are something beyond any 
of these. I know of no word which can 
adequately describe them. My belief is 
that, on the recognition and development 
of the principles behind them will largely 
depend the position any nation will even- 
tually occupy with respect to world leader- 
ship in all that is worth while. 
I know of no paragraph which so well 
suggests the spirit of national parks as 
the following words of your famous na- 
ture lover, John Muir : 
“The tendency nowadays to wander in 
wildernesses is delightful to see. Thou- 
sands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized 
people are beginning to find out that going 
to the mountains is going home: that wild- 
ness is a necessity and that mountain parks 
and reservations are useful, not only as 
fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, 
but as fountains of life. Awakening from 
the stupefying effects of the vice of over- 
industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, 
they are trying as best they can to mix 
and enrich their own little ongoings with 
those of Nature, and to get rid of rust and 
disease." 
“By their fruits ye shall know them." 
The fruit of national parks in the final 
analysis is the man of joyous yesterdays 
and confident tomorrows. Our parks bu- 
reau has approached this work not with 
the idea that national parks are national 
ornaments or national curiosities, but that 
the service which they can render to the 
Canadian of today, and especially the Cana- 
dian of the future, is not only worth while, 
but vital to his welfare. We recognize the 
good work that has been done in this coun- 
try with respect to the fundamental idea 
behind parks development. We acknowl- 
edge the great advantage your work has 
been to us. Our hope is that your work 
and our work and the work of the town 
planners and social reformers and play- 
spirit champions will combine to produce 
such a human product' that, while we 
urge our own people to “See America 
First," we can say to the people, "See 
America’s Best," and that best will be the 
quality of its men and women. 
Your association has been taking an ac- 
tive part in the propaganda for the estab- 
lishment of a parks bureau at Washing- 
ton. I therefore thought it might interest 
you to hear something of the character of 
Canada’s parks organization, the principles 
on which it is operated, and the ideals on 
which its development work is based. 
As an introduction to the subject I 
should perhaps explain that Canada's parks 
system consists of ten parks. With two 
exceptions, all are in the West. Of the 
western areas, two are enclosed animal 
parks. The others are scenic parks in the 
Rockies. The aggregate area of the vari- 
ous parks is, in round .numbers, 8, COO 
square miles, or something over 5,000,000 
acres. 
In character they, perhaps, more close- 
ly resemble Switzerland than any other 
country which could be named. They con- 
tain innumerable glaciers, snow peaks, 
mountain lakes and waterfalls of great 
beauty, luxuriant forests and open val- 
leys. Two of them in addition possess hot 
sulphur springs of marked curative powers. 
Our Parks Bureau was created three 
years ago. The outstanding feature of the 
statute under which it was created and un- 
der which administration is carried on is 
that it is chiefly enabling legislation ; that 
is, it adopts the principle of parks and then 
delegates large powers to the Governor 
in Council — in other words, the Federal 
Cabinet — to provide for the establishment 
and administration of parks. The act it- 
self does not create any parks. That rests 
entirely with the Cabinet. It does not at- 
