172 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
able to reach them. Therefore we are 
endeavoring to secure the establishment of 
parks to specially meet their needs. In 
lieu of a better name we are calling these 
humanitarian parks. The proposition is to 
secure large areas within easy access of 
all the large cities and establish them in- 
to wilderness parks. These may not pos- 
sess the spectacular scenery of some of 
the other parks, but all nature is beauti- 
ful and such parks can pay just as good 
dividends in terms of physical, mental and 
moral efficiency as the other parks. Such 
a park will provide a place where the 
poor of the city can get a cottage site for 
a merely nominal consideration, where 
children can be provided with outings, 
where boys and men can camp and fish 
and study nature, where the sick and 
delicate can find new stores of health in 
the great out-of-doors. 
In city planning you are making provi- 
sion for city parks and playgrounds for 
open spaces and suburban parks. You 
cannot live in these or fish in these or 
get close to nature in her wild state. 
These are “first aids.” The humanitarian 
parks we have in mind will give “Parks 
aids” — in the national park sense. 
Historic Parks. 
We are also endeavoring to have parks 
created at every point of outstanding his- 
toric interest, as memorials of great events 
or places connected with our history. 
These will provide the recreation of the 
out-of-doors which is so essentially a fea- 
ture of national parks work and will, at 
the same time, serve to educate Canadians, 
young and old, and stimulate their love 
of country. Every consideration of pa- 
triotism should lead us to preserve in last- 
ing form where all may read them, these 
chapters in our national history. Such 
landmarks arouse interest and enthusiasm 
as book history never can, and they should 
be considered as much the property of the 
nation by virtue of inheritance as is the 
history itself. 
These historic parks in many cases will 
have to be small in area, but we consider 
that small park areas if suitable only for 
ordinary supervised playgrounds will be 
more effective memorials of great events 
and great personages than monuments of 
stone and bronze. 
Highway Parks. 
Another plan on which we are working 
in Canada is what we call a highway 
park. Every day now that motors are 
being so generally used the roads are be- 
coming more and more of a factor in 
our civilization. They are the nerves of 
the country along which travel the cur- 
rents of ordinary life — the threads which 
tie our social communities together. I 
look forward to a day when we shall have 
not only good roads but beautiful roads, 
shaded with graceful trees and bordered 
with flowering shrubs. The hawthorn 
hedges make England a fairyland in May, 
but think what it would mean to drive 
along roads bordered for miles with lilac 
or honeysuckle or apple blossoms or under 
mile-long avenues of elm or beech and at 
intervals to be able to stop and find small 
expansions of the roadside park scheme 
with recreation and picnic facilities. 
You have, Mr. President, a widespread 
movement in this country which origi- 
nated, I believe, here, which has spread 
to Canada and other countries. I refer 
to the playground movement, not in its 
primary form in which it advocated “play 
for children,” but in its present wider 
meaning in which it says “play for every- 
body.” The movement is re-discovering 
for us what we in this country had almost 
lost sight of, that recreation means re- 
creation and that by denying it its proper 
place in life we have lost much in effi- 
ciency and happiness. At present the rec- 
reation of the people is in the hands of 
commercialism. They supply only the 
kind that pays and it seems as if the -worst 
sort paid the best. It would appear, how- 
ever, as if recreation should no more be 
commercialized than should education, and 
on the other hand it should not be left 
to the haphazard and unequal control of 
private philanthropy. We have got as far 
as the provision for recreation in national 
parks, but that is only the beginning, and 
if we can have a parks bureau, I be- 
lieve, we also can and will in time have 
associated with it a rcreation bureau that 
will develop a sane, intelligent policy and 
control over the whole question. 
After three years’ experience those of 
us associated with the Canadian Parks 
Rureau are impressed chiefly with the rapid 
widening of the horizon of opportunities 
and possibilities in the service field. We 
are convinced that National Parks have an 
important work to carry on in co-opera- 
tion with those who are striving to de- 
velop the City Beautiful. The ultimate 
aim of all is the Nation Beautiful — the 
nation whose finest products are its men 
and women. 
ORGANIZING and DEVELOPING a MODERN CEMETERY 
By Sid J. Hare and S. Herbert Hare, Landscape Architects, Kansas City, Mo. 
VIII. DRAINAGE, WATER SUPPLY, 
AND LIGHTING. 
The previous articles of this series have 
been confined, so far as the physical devel- 
opment of a cemetery is concerned, to the 
topics which dealt with the apparent fea- 
tures of the design or the subdivision of 
the land into the selling units. Discussion 
of road construction, methods of grading 
and planting, or preparation of lawns, 
were intentionally omitted, as they were 
subjects upon which information could be 
easily obtained without special application 
to the problems in cemeteries. There are, 
however, certain considerations having 
more or less direct application to the cem- 
etery development which must not be over- 
looked during the construction work, but 
which do not become features of the de- 
sign or arrangement, though bearing a 
close relation to them. 
The first of these subjects may be called 
drainage. This includes both the removal 
of superfluous surface water during rains 
to prevent damage to roads and lawns, 
and the removal of ground water when 
necessary to a proper depth to insure rea- 
sonable freedom from water in graves. 
Surface drainage must first provide for 
the collection of surface water to definite 
points or channels, then taking it into un- 
derground drains at intervals before the 
volume becomes destructive. The usual 
place for the collection of the water is on 
the borders of the roads in gutters. In the 
case of side-hill roads, if they are so con- 
structed on the surface that there is little 
wash of loose stone or gravel, there seems 
no good reason for making a gutter on 
the lower side to catch the slight runoff 
from one half of the paved area. This 
can run on the lot sections without dam- 
age. In some cases the road may pitch 
entirely to the inside. Roads directly in 
valleys naturally have to be drained from 
both sides, and in addition any constant or 
intermittent flow of water from springs 
in the valley to be provided for. 
Where there is sufficient room between 
the edge of the paving and the lot line, 
and where grading permits, a sod gutter 
is most satisfactory. In a width of three 
to five feet a depression of three to five 
inches can be secured with a dip so slight 
as to be hardly noticeable and into which 
the grade of the lot borders will merge 
very naturally. Drain inlets will be little 
seen in the grass. The distance between 
inlets, their size as well as the size of 
pipe carrying off the water, will depend 
upon the degree of the slope, the area 
drained, the soil, and other factors. These 
can be figured by formulas in common use 
or can be determined by experience. 
In cases where a sod gutter is impossi- 
ble or inadvisable, a rather flat concrete 
gutter 18 inches to 24 inches wide, with- 
out a curb, is the next choice. Such a 
gutter will maintain the informality which 
is desirable on cemetery roads. There are 
several forms of drain inlets with iron 
grating suitable for such gutters. The cus- 
tom of having catch basins or silt basins 
in connection with the drain inlets has 
rather declined with the growing use of 
surface bound macadam roads from which 
there is little wash of road material. How- 
ever, wherever there is danger of clog- 
